Artificial Intelligent

Engr. Komal Naz

Agent Based Intelligent Systems (SW318)
Course Learning Outcomes:

Upon successful completion of this course, the

student will
be able to:
CLOs Description Taxonomy PLO
level
1 Explain basic principles of Agent C3 1
based
Intelligent Systems, related
theory and terminology.
2 To understand and analyze NLP and C4 2
NLP based techniques
3 C5 3
Create agent-based systems for
different
computing problems.
What is Intelligence?

 The concept of intelligence has been a widely

debated topic
among members of psychology.
 Defining and classifying intelligence is
extremely complicated.
• Theories of intelligence range from having one general
trait/ability, to certain primary mental abilities, to
multiple category-specific abilities.
 One could certainly define intelligence by the
properties one exhibits:
 the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.
 the ability to deal with new situations, solve
problems, answer questions or devise plans.
Intelligence can also be observed in
terms of:
 Creativity
 Memory
 Reasoning
 Perception
 Problem
Solving
 Learning
 Communicatio
n
 Adaptation
 Logic
Intelligence can be considered the ability to:
 Learn or understand from experiences
 Make sense out of ambiguous and contradictory
messages
 Respond quickly and effectively to a new
situation(Autonomous vehicle)
 Deal with complex situations
 Apply knowledge to manipulate the environment

 Intelligence does not necessarily mean how fast

information is processed, but it is the ability to
demonstrate intelligence by communicating effectively (by
any means) and by learning new concepts (by any means).
Artificial Intelligence:
Definition

 It is the science and engineering of making

intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs.

 Artificial intelligence is the study of systems that act

in a way that to any observer would appear to be
intelligent.
Artificial Intelligence
Definition

 Artificial intelligence (AI) is wide-ranging branch of

computer science concerned with building smart
machines capable of performing tasks that typically
require human intelligence.
 Typically, AI systems demonstrate at least some of
the
following behaviors associated with human
intelligence:
• Planning
• Learning
• Reasoning
• Problem solving
• Knowledge representation
Artificial Intelligence
Definition

 AI is an interdisciplinary science with multiple

approaches but advancements in machine learning
and deep learning are creating a paradigm shift in
virtually every sector of the tech industry.
Categories of AI
 Weak (narrow) AI embodies a system designed to
carry out
one particular job.
• Weak AI systems include video games, industrial
robots and personal assistants such as Amazon's
Alexa and Apple's Siri. You ask the assistant a
question, and it will answers it for you.

 Strong AI systems are systems that carry on the

tasks considered to be human-like; they replicate
the cognitive abilities of the human brain.
• These systems tend to be more complex as they are
programmed to handle situations in which they may be
required to solve problems autonomously (without
AI – The Ultimate Goal

The ultimate goal of AI is to create systems that:

• Act like humans (Turing test)
• Think like humans (human-like patterns of
thinking steps)
• Act and think rationally (logically, correctly)
Artificial
vs
Natural
Intellige
nce
 Artificial
 Intelligence:
AI is more permanent. Natural intelligence is perishable from a
commercial standpoint in that human can change their
information. AI is permanent as long as the computer systems or
programs remain unchanged.

 AI offers ease of duplication and distribution. Transferring a body of

knowledge from one person to another usually requires a lengthy
process, yet fully expertise can never be transfer. However,
knowledge embodied in computer systems can be copied or
duplicated to another and so on.

 AI can be less expensive that natural intelligence. Some times

buying computer software costs less than having corresponding
human power to carry out same task.

 AI can be documented. Decisions made by a computer can be

easily documented by tracing the activities of a system, while
natural intelligence is difficult to trace out.
 Natural
Intelligence:
Natural Intelligence is creative, while AI is uninspired. The ability
to acquire knowledge is inherent in human nature, but with AI
customized knowledge must be built into a carefully
constructed system.

 Natural intelligence enables people to benefit from and use sensory

experience directly, while AI mostly works on symbolic inputs.

 Natural intelligence is able to make reasons at all times by wide

context of experience and bring it to bear on individual problems.
While AI systems typically gain their power of knowledge by
having a narrow focus of problem domain.

 Natural Intelligence is powerful but has limitations. Humans are

intellectual but have limited knowledge bases, and information
processing is comparably slow in comparison to computers.
How AI Works:

1. Think well

2. Act well

3. Think like human

4. Act like humans

Think well
 Develop:
 Formal models of knowledge representation
 Reasoning
 Learning
 Memory
 Problem solving that can be rendered in
algorithms.

 There is often an emphasis on systems that are

provably correct, and guarantee finding an
optimal solution.
Act well

 For a given set of inputs, generate an appropriate output that

is not necessarily correct but gets the job done.

 A heuristic (heuristic rule, heuristic method) is a rule

of thumb, strategy, trick, simplification, or any
other kind of device which drastically limits search
for solutions in large problem spaces.

 Heuristics do not guarantee optimal solutions; in fact,

they do not guarantee any solution at all: all that can
be said for a useful heuristic is that it offers solutions
which are good enough most of the time.
Think like humans
 Cognitive science approach

 Focus not just on behavior and I/O but also look at

reasoning process.

 Computational model should reflect “how”

results were obtained.

 Provide a new language for expressing cognitive

theories and new mechanisms for evaluating them
Think like humans
 GPS (General Problem Solver): Goal not just to
produce humanlike behavior, but to produce a
sequence of steps of the reasoning process that
was similar to the steps followed by a person in
solving the same task.

• ELIZA:
• A program that
simulated a
psychotherapist
interacting
with a patient
and passed the
Turing Test.
Act like
humans
 Behaviorist approach.
 Not interested in how you get results,
just the similarity to what human
results are.
 Exemplified by the Turing Test (Alan
Turing, 1950).
 Turing Test
 Three rooms contain a person, a computer,
and an interrogator.
Some Example
Applications
 Computer vision: face recognition from a large set
(Interpreting Images)
 Robotics: autonomous (mostly) automobile
 Natural language processing: simple machine
translation
 Expert systems: medical diagnosis in a narrow domain
 Spoken language systems: ~1000 word continuous
speech
 Planning and scheduling: Hubble Telescope
experiments
 Learning: text categorization into ~1000 topics
 Games: Grand Master level in chess (world
AI Application Areas
 Game Playing:

 Involves mostly the research on board games as they

have certain properties that made them ideal subjects
for early work on AI.

 These properties include well defined set of rules,

easy board configuration representation in
computers, easy implementation of state space
search and many others.
Search Space – Tic Tac
Toe
 Game Playing:
 Games can generate extremely large search spaces.
 These are large and complex enough to require
powerful techniques for determining what alternatives
to explore in the problem space.

 These techniques are called heuristics and constitute a

major area of AI research.

 Much of what we commonly call intelligence seems to

reside in the heuristics used by humans to solve
problems.
Expert Systems:
 These are the programs that serve either in place or for
assistance of human experts. They are interactive and reliable
computer-based decision- making system that rely on the domain
knowledge and the problem solving strategies of human experts
incorporated in them. They use both facts and heuristics to solve
complex problems in specified domain.

 DENDRAL: infer the structure of organic molecules from their

chemical
formulas.
 MYCIN: used to diagnose bacterial diseases. It served as the base
for establishment of the methodology of development of many
other systems.
 PXDES: used to determine the type and level of lung cancer.
Natural Language Processing
 Natural language processing programs use artificial
intelligence to allow a user to communicate with a
computer in the user's natural language. The
computer can both understand and respond to
commands given in a natural language.

 This involves much more than parsing sentences

into individual parts of speech and looking those
words up in a dictionary.

 It requires extensive
knowledge about the
domain being
considered.
Robotics &
Planning:
 It is a difficult problem for a number of reasons,
not the least of which is the size of space of
possible sequences of moves.

 For example:
• A simple robot that can move forward,
backward, right or left can have indefinite
ways of moving around a room with obstacles.
• While humans plan effortlessly, creating a
computer
program that can do the same is a difficult
challenge.
• So this has been an important topic of
research for AI researchers.
 Boston Dynamics :
• dynamic, intelligent and adaptive robots. With nine
different models, the company develops sensor-
based controls that prepare robots for a variety of
environments and terrains.

 iRobot
• home-cleaning and lifestyle devices. Its most prominent
product, Roomba is a robot vacuum that maps and
adapts to its environment as it clears dirt and small
debris from floors.
 Neurala
• The Neurala Brain,” AI software that makes an array of
devices more intelligent. Already integrated in more
than nine million devices, the technology boosts
intelligence in cars, phones, drones and cameras. It's
also used by major organizations like NASA, DARPA,
Motorola and NVIDIA.

 Hanson Robotics:
• human-like robots that not only have human
appearances but also characteristics like eye contact,
facial recognition, speech and the ability to hold
natural conversations.
• well-known for its highly conversational
humanoid robot, Sophia, featured in
countless news segments, discussion
panels and technology conferences.
Tapi
a
Aden

iCub

Asimo Sophia
Machine Learning:
 Machine-learning algorithms use statistics to find
patterns in massive amounts of data. And data, here,
encompasses a lot of things: numbers, words, images,
clicks. If it can be digitally stored, it can be fed into a
machine-learning algorithm.

 Machine learning is the process that powers many of

the
services we use today:
• recommendation systems like those on Netflix,
YouTube, and Spotify
• search engines like Google and Baidu
• social-media feeds like Facebook and Twitter
• voice assistants like Siri and Alexa.
Marketing
 Artificially intelligent systems constantly work on the
background of popular products and services such as
Netflix, Amazon, and, naturally, Google.
 AI in marketing is the use of customer data, machine
learning and other computational concepts to predict
a person’s action or inaction. It can take on huge
amounts of data and help marketers easily segment
them. As such, marketers can further break down
data to create customized content for their
audiences.
 Understand Customer
 Find the Trend
 Content Generation
 Dynamic Pricing
Artificial Neural Networks:
 An artificial neural network (ANN), usually called
"neural network" (NN), is a mathematical model or
computational model that tries to simulate the
structure and/or functional aspects of biological
neural networks. It consists of an interconnected
group of artificial neurons and processes
information using a connectionist approach to
computation.
Computer Vision:
 Computer vision is the science and technology of
machines that see, where see in this case means that
the machine is able to extract information from an
image that is necessary to solve some task.

 Computer vision is concerned with the theory behind

artificial systems that extract information from
images. The image data can take many forms, such
as video sequences, views from multiple cameras, or
multi-dimensional data from a medical scanner.

 The goal of computer vision research is to give

computers the same powerful facility for
understanding of their surroundings.
 Languages & Environments:
 Major AI languages are Python, R and Java.

 PYTHON is a favorite choice in the list of all AI development

languages due to the simplicity.
 Python is very simple and can be easily learnt.
 It takes short development time in comparison to other
languages like
Java, C++ or Ruby.

 R is the most effective language and environment for

analyzing and
manipulating data for statistical purposes.
 Using R, we can easily produce well-designed publication-
quality plots, including mathematical symbols and formulae
where needed.