Scribd
Upload
11 views16 pages

WINSEM2023-24 BCSE309L TH VL2023240500759 2024-01-23 Reference-Material-I

The document discusses various modes of operation for block ciphers, which are necessary to encrypt messages of arbitrary lengths. It outlines five modes: Electronic Codebook (ECB), Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Output Feedback (OFB), Cipher Feedback (CFB), and Counter (CTR), detailing their strengths, weaknesses, and typical applications. Each mode has distinct characteristics, such as how they handle plaintext blocks and their susceptibility to errors or repetitive information.

Uploaded by

examhelping207
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views16 pages

WINSEM2023-24 BCSE309L TH VL2023240500759 2024-01-23 Reference-Material-I

The document discusses various modes of operation for block ciphers, which are necessary to encrypt messages of arbitrary lengths. It outlines five modes: Electronic Codebook (ECB), Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Output Feedback (OFB), Cipher Feedback (CFB), and Counter (CTR), detailing their strengths, weaknesses, and typical applications. Each mode has distinct characteristics, such as how they handle plaintext blocks and their susceptibility to errors or repetitive information.

Uploaded by

examhelping207
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Module 2

Cipher Block Modes of


Operations
How to use a block cipher?
• Block ciphers encrypt fixed-size blocks
• e.g. DES encrypts 64-bit blocks
• We need some way to encrypt a message of
arbitrary length
• e.g. a message of 1000 bytes
• NIST defines several ways to do it
• called modes of operation

3
Five Modes of Operation
• Electronic codebook mode (ECB)
• Cipher block chaining mode (CBC) – most popular
• Output feedback mode (OFB)
• Cipher feedback mode (CFB)
• Counter mode (CTR)

4
Electronic Code Book (ECB)
• The plaintext is broken into blocks, P1, P2, P3, ...
• Each block is encrypted independently:
Ci = EK(Pi)
• For a given key, this mode behaves like we have a gigantic codebook,
in which each plaintext block has an entry, hence the name Electronic
Code Book

5
P.Jeevana Jyothi 6
Remarks on ECB
• Strength: it’s simple.
• Weakness:
• Repetitive information contained in the plaintext
may show in the cipher text, if aligned with blocks.
• If the same message is encrypted (with the same
key) and sent twice, their cipher texts are the
same.
• Typical application: secure transmission of
short pieces of information (e.g. a temporary
encryption key)

7
Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)
 The plaintext is broken into blocks: P1 , P2 , P3 , ...
 Each plaintext block is XORed chained  with the previous
ciphertext block before encryption (hence the name):

Ci  E K Ci  1  Pi 

C0  IV

 Use an Initial Vector IV  to start the process.


 Decryption : Pi  Ci  1  D K (Ci )
 Application : general block-oriented transmission.
8
Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)

9
Remarks on CBC

• The encryption of a block depends on the current and all blocks


before it.

• So, repeated plaintext blocks are encrypted differently.

• Initialization Vector (IV)


• Must be known to both the sender & receiver
• Typically, IV is either a fixed value or is sent encrypted in ECB mode
before the rest of ciphertext.

10
Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode

11
Remark on CFB
• The block cipher is used as a stream cipher.
• Appropriate when data arrives in bits/bytes.
• s can be any value; a common value is s = 8.
• A ciphertext segment depends on the current and
all preceding plaintext segments.
• A corrupted ciphertext segment during
transmission will affect the current and next
several plaintext segments.
• How many plaintext segments will be affected?

12
Output Feedback (OFB) Mode

P.Jeevana Jyothi 13
Remark on OFB
• The block cipher is used as a stream cipher.
• Appropriate when data arrives in bits/bytes.
• Advantage:
• more resistant to transmission errors; a bit error in a ciphertext
segment affects only the decryption of that segment.
• Disadvantage:
• Cannot recover from lost ciphertext segments; if a ciphertext
segment is lost, all following segments will be decrypted
incorrectly (if the receiver is not aware of the segment loss).
• IV should be generated randomly each time and sent with
the ciphertext.

14
Counter Mode (CTR)
• Plaintext blocks: p1, p2, p3, …
• Key: k
• Encryption:

15
Remark on CTR
• Strengthes:
• Needs only the encryption algorithm
• Fast encryption/decryption; blocks can be processed
(encrypted or decrypted) in parallel; good for high
speed links
• Random access to encrypted data blocks

• IV should not be reused.

16

You might also like