DATA COMMUNICATION
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
OUTLINE OF THE
LECTURE
• Introduction
• Important characteristics of Line Coding
• Popular line coding techniques:
• Unipolar
• Polar
• Bipolar
• Modulation rate of various code
• Comparison of line coding techniques
• Scrambling Coding schemes
• Basic concepts of Block Coding
• Block coding examples
INTRODUCTION
• Both analog and digital information can be encoded as
either analog or digital signals.
• Various conversion technique used
Data Singal Approach
Digital Digital Encoding
Analog Digital Encoding
Analog Analog Modulation
Digital Analog Modulation
• What type of signal should we use?
• It also depends on the situation and available bandwidth
SIGNALS
¨Digital data, analog signal: A modem converts digital data to an analog signal so
that it can be transmitted over an analog line
¨Analog data, digital signals: Analog data, such as voice and video, are often digitized
to be able to use digital transmission facilities
¨Analog data, analog signals: Analog data are modulated by a carrier frequency to
produce an analog signal in a different frequency band, which can be utilized
¨Digital data, digital signals: simplest form of digital encoding of digital data
DATA ENCODING
Encoding is the process of using various patterns of voltage or current levels to
represent 1s and 0s of the digital signals on the transmission link.
Encoding Techniques
The data encoding technique is divided into the following types, depending upon the
type of data conversion.
Analog data to Analog signals − The modulation techniques such as Amplitude Modulation, Frequency
Modulation and Phase Modulation of analog signals, fall under this category.
Analog data to Digital signals − This process can be termed as digitization, which is done by Pulse
Code Modulation PCM. Hence, it is nothing but digital modulation. As we have already discussed, sampling
and quantization are the important factors in this. Delta Modulation gives a better output than PCM.
Digital data to Analog signals − The modulation techniques such as Amplitude Shift Keying ASK,
Frequency Shift Keying FSK, Phase Shift Keying PSK, etc., fall under this category. These will be
discussed in subsequent chapters.
Digital data to Digital signals
Digital Transmission
Digital
Transmission
Digital to Digital Analog to Digital
Conversion Conversion
Digital to Digital Conversion
Digital to Digital
Conversion
Line Coding Block Coding Scrambling
Always Needed May not be May not be
needed needed
DIGITAL DATA - DIGITAL
•
SIGNAL
Digital or Analog data is converted to digital signal for transmission.
• A digital signal is a sequence of discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses. Each
pulse is a signal element.
• A Data element is the smallest entity that can represent a piece of information Bit
• A Signal element is the shortest unit of a digital signal
• Data Elements: Carried
• Signal Elements: Carriers
Signal Element versus Data Element
Data Rate versus Signal Rate
• Data Rate is number of data
elements sent in 1 sec (bps)
• Signal Rate is number of signal
elements sent in 1 sec (baud)
• Data Rate Bit Rate
• Signal Rate Pulse Rate,
Modulation Rate or Baud Rate
Example
A signal has a signal rate of 100 bauds. What is the Data
rate if one data element is carried per signal element?
ENCODING
SCHEMES
ENCODING SCHEMES
• The encoding scheme is simply
the mapping from data bits to
signal elements. Line Coding
• The conversion / mapping
involves three techniques:
– Line Coding
– Block Coding
– Scrambling Unipolar Polar Bipolar
LINE CODING SCHEME
4.
UNIPOLAR-RZ
• Only two voltage levels are used
Each 0 = off pulse (represented by 0)
Each 1 = ON Pulse (represented by 1)
DURATION is Tb/2 followed by return to zero level
UNIPOLAR-RZ
• Only two voltage levels are used
UNIPOLAR NRZ
Traditionally, a unipolar scheme was designed as a non- return-to-
zero (NRZ) scheme in which the positive voltage defines bit 1 and
the zero voltage defines bit 0. It is called NRZ because the signal
does not return to zero at the middle of the bit.
Each 0 = off pulse (represented by 0)
Each 1 = ON Pulse (represented by 1)
DURATION is Tb followed by return to
zero level
4.
POLAR
• Uses Two voltage levels - one positive and the other one
negative
• 1 = + A/2
• 0 = - A/2
POLAR RZ
• DURATION is Tb/2 followed by
return to zero level
• 1 = + A/2
• 0 = - A/2
The main disadvantage of RZ encoding is that it requires two signal changes to
encode a bit and therefore occupies greater bandwidth.
POLAR NRZ
DURATION is Tb followed by return
to zero level
• 1 = + A/2
• 0 = - A/2
BIPOLAR
This is an encoding technique which has three voltage levels namely +, - and 0.
Such a signal is called as duo-binary signal.
An example of this type is Alternate Mark Inversion AMI.
For a 1, the voltage level gets a transition from + to – or
from – to +, having alternate 1s to be of equal polarity. A 0
will have a zero voltage level.
Even in this method, we have two types.
Bipolar NRZ
Bipolar RZ
