Scribd
Upload
12 views32 pages

Lecture 3

The Industrial Revolution began in England in the 1700s, characterized by the shift from manual labor to machine-made goods, the development of new energy sources, and significant advancements in transportation and communication. It led to urbanization, poor working conditions, and class tensions, while also creating jobs and increasing production. Subsequent industrial revolutions introduced electricity, digital technology, and automation, culminating in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which integrates cyber-physical systems and advanced technologies.

Uploaded by

Raghib Shahiriyar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views32 pages

Lecture 3

The Industrial Revolution began in England in the 1700s, characterized by the shift from manual labor to machine-made goods, the development of new energy sources, and significant advancements in transportation and communication. It led to urbanization, poor working conditions, and class tensions, while also creating jobs and increasing production. Subsequent industrial revolutions introduced electricity, digital technology, and automation, culminating in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which integrates cyber-physical systems and advanced technologies.

Uploaded by

Raghib Shahiriyar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

What was the Industrial

Revolution?
 The Industrial Revolution refers to
the greatly increased output of
machine made goods that began in
England in the 1700s
The Industrial
Revolution
 Machines were invented which
replaced human labor
 New energy sources were
developed to power the new
machinery – water, steam,
electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)
 Increased use of metals and
minerals
Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.
Development of the
Domestic System of
Production
 Domestic system developed in England
 Late 1600s-late 1800s
 Domestic system could not keep up with
demand
The Industrial
Revolution
 Transportation improved
Ships
○ Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships
○ Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered
boilers
Trains
Automobiles
 Communication improved
Telegraph
Telephone
Radio
Background of the Industrial
Revolution
 Scientific Revolution
 Intellectual Revolution
 Encouraged learning and the search for
better and newer ways of doing things
 Agricultural Revolution
 Landowners experimented in their
enclosures
 Seed drill
 Crop rotation
 Livestock breeding
 First Industrial Revolution
(1784)
 Late 18th Century and early 19th
Century
 Characterized by Industrialisation
 Use of water and steam to
mechanise production
 The first industrial revolution
shifted the production from a
previously labour intensive to a
more capital intensive.
Factory System
 Developed to replace the domestic system
of production
 Faster method of production
 Workers concentrated in a set location
 Production anticipated demand
For example: Under the domestic system, a
woman might select fabric and have a
businessperson give it to a home-based worker
to make into a dress. Under the factory
system, the factory owner bought large lots of
popular fabrics and had workers create
multiple dresses in common sizes, anticipating
that women would buy them.
Why the Industrial
Revolution Started in
England
 merchants had the capital to invest in the
factory system – money to buy buildings,
machinery, and raw materials
 possessed the necessary raw materials to
create the means of production (coal, iron)
 Island has excellent harbors and ports
“Necessity Is the Mother of
Invention”
“Necessity Is the Mother of
Invention”
“Necessity Is the Mother of
Invention”
“Necessity Is the Mother of
Invention”

•The process of inventing never ends

•Oneinvention inevitably leads to improvements


upon it and to more inventions
The Birth and Growth of
the Textile Industry
These machines were so large. They were placed in
large buildings called factories
Steam Engines James
Watt, (1769)
 By 1800, steam engines were
replacing water wheels as sources
of power for factories
 Factories relocated near raw
materials, workers, and ports
 Cities grew around the factories
built near central England’s coal
and iron mines
Manchester, Liverpool
Transportation

Before the Industrial Revolution


•Canal barges pulled by mules
•Ships powered by sails
•Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages

After the Industrial Revolution


•Trains
•Steamships
•Trolleys
•Automobiles
Communications
Revolution
Some Impacts of
Industrial Revolution
 European cities go through a
period of urbanization
because of the factory system
 This caused living conditions
to be terrible
 Sickness was widespread
(cholera)
 Average worker spent 14
hours, 6days
 Dangerous industry-coal
mines
 People Move to Cities. Cities emerged
around coal/iron mines and large factories
 Changes in farming, rising population,
and the need for workers led people to
migrate to cities
 Poor working/living conditions &
Tenements- crowded apartment buildings
 The technology of the machine age and
the rapid pace of industrialization
increased productivity. At the same time,
the factory imposed a harsh new way of
life on workers.
 Life in Factories: Long hours- 12 to
16 hour days, Dangerous
machines, Dirty air- lung damage,
Many women worked in factories,
Lower wages, Explosions, Workers
lived in unsanitary, crowded slums
 Health hazards & pollution
 Child labour was an accepted
practice
Class Tension
 New money-factory owners,
shippers, and merchants became
middle class
Upper-doctors, lawyers
Lower-factory overseers
 Working class-machines replaced
them
Luddites-destroyed machines in
factories and rioted
Some good things 
 Created jobs
 Money!
 Increased production of goods
 Hope of improvement
 Expanded educational
opportunities
Long-term Impact
 Industrialized countries exploited
overseas markets for resources
 Imperialism was born
 Gave Europe great power
 Developed a middle class
 Created a movement for social
reform
The Industrial
Revolution: Marxist
perspectives
 Karl Marx and Freidrich
Engels
 The Communist
Manifesto
 Middle class “haves” or
bourgeoisie
 “have nots” workers or
proletariats
 Predicted that the
workers would
overthrow owners
Marx
 Marx believed factories would
drive small businesses out, leaving
anumber of manufacturers to
control all wealth
 Proletariat would revolt and a
classless society would develop
 Called communism
 All good would be shared equally
 Second Industrial Revolution
(1870)
 Use of electricity for mass production
 Electricity, combustion engine, steel,
chemical synthesis, large factories,
assembly lines
 Generally, the second industrial
revolution can be broadly
characterised by expansion of
industries and electrically-powered
mass production based on the division
of labour.
 Third Industrial Revolution (1969)
 ‘Digital revolution’
 Use of electronics and ICT to automate
production
 ICT, internet and computers
 While the third industrial revolution is
an era of rapid technological progress
associated with the development of
information technology. It is in this era
that electronics and information
technology was used to further advance
automation.
 Fourth Industrial Revolution (Era
of Cyber-Physical Systems)
 The fourth industrial revolution is often
referred to as Revolution 4.0),
 The term was apparently first used in
2016 by World Economic Forum (Klaus
Schwab),
 Dramatic change in pace and scope of
automation of tasks previously done by
humans,
 Blurring of boundaries between the
physical, biological and digital spheres,
 Robotics; Artificial Intelligence (AI);
Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial
Internet of Things (IoT); cyber-physical
systems; augmented reality (AR); virtual
reality (VR); biotechnology;
nanotechnology; autonomous vehicles;
cloud computing; 3D printing…
 Its International diffusion is exponentially
faster than earlier industrial revolutions

Youtube:https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=d4joqYycnqM.

You might also like