DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Subject: Cloud Computing

Unit-I
“Introduction to Cloud Computing”

By-Prof. Nilam R.Thorat.

Compter Department
 Contents
• Introduction to Cloud Computing
• Importance of Cloud Computing
• Cloud Computing Characteristics
• Pros and Cons of Cloud Computing
• Migrating into the Cloud
• Seven-step model of migration into a Cloud
• Trends in Computing
• Cloud Service Models: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS,Storage
• Cloud Architecture: Cloud Computing Logical Architecture,
Developing Holistic Cloud Computing Reference Model
• Cloud System Architecture
• Cloud Deployment Models.
 Cloud
Computing
Course Objective:
● To study fundamental concepts of cloud computing

Course Outcome:
On completion of the Unit, learners should be able to
CO1: Understand the different Cloud Computing
environment

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 Cloud Computing

Unit I :Introduction to Cloud Computing (07 Hours )

• Importance of Cloud Computing, Characteristics (1 Hour)
• Pros and Cons of Cloud Computing, Migrating into the Cloud,
Seven-step model of migration into a Cloud (2 Hours)
• Trends in Computing (1 Hour)
• Cloud Service Models: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, Storage. (1 Hour)
• Cloud Architecture: Cloud Computing Logical
Architecture, Developing Holistic Cloud Computing Reference
Model, Cloud System Architecture, Cloud Deployment
Models. (2 Hours) 4
 Cloud Computing
Text Book:
A. Srinivasan, J. Suresh, “Cloud Computing: A
Practical Approach for Learning and
Implementation”, Pearson, ISBN: 978-81-317-
7651-3.
e-Books :
https://sjceodisha.in/wpcontent/uploads/2019/09/
CLOUD-COMPUTING-Principles-and-
Paradigms.pdf

• MOOCs Courses link: https://

www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/10
6105167/L01.html
• https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/10
6105167/L03.html
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 Cloud Computing

❖ Definition: Cloud
computing in which
Datacentres hardware &
System software's
provides the application
service over the internet.

❖ Cloud computing
provides the on demand
services to the
organizations that
include software,
platform and
Infrastructure as a
service to its users.

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 Cloud Computing
❖ Cloud computing takes the technology, services, and applications that are
similar to those on the Internet and turns them into a self-service utility. The
use of the word “cloud” makes reference to the two essential concepts:
❖ Abstraction: Cloud computing abstracts the details of system implementation
from users and developers. Applications run on physical systems that aren't
specified, data is stored in locations that are unknown, administration of
systems is outsourced to others, and access by users is ubiquitous.
❖ Virtualization: Cloud computing virtualizes systems by pooling and sharing
resources. Systems and storage can be provisioned as needed from a
centralized infrastructure, costs are assessed on a metered basis, multi-
tenancy is enabled, and resources are scalable with agility.
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• Cloud computing helps in securing data over the cloud.
• It helps to establish its deployment models either on a private
cloud or on a public cloud, or a hybrid cloud.
• Private clouds are formed based on the company's internal
infrastructure.
• The public cloud, on the other hand, uses the internet to store and
access data and applications.
• The entire concept of cloud computing is virtual, which makes it
much more organized.
• Businesses can choose a multi-cloud approach as well, which
helps them to use more than one public cloud service.
• Cloud computing is easy to scale.
• The cloud extends alongside any organization's fluctuating
needs which helps in accommodating real-time changes for
the power needs of the computer.
• The cloud computing system is very reliable to offer
dependable types of data backup for business continuity and
disaster recovery measures.
• This provides their privacy and maintains complex hardware
on leverage cloud environments which help in building
solutions from scratch.
• The most important area of concern in cloud computing is
the delivery of computing services, including servers,
storage, and databases, alongside software analytics and
intelligence.
• Cloud computing offers faster innovation with flexible
resources and economies of scale.
Basics of Cloud Computing Applications:

• Online File storage

• Photo editing software
• Digital video software
• Twitter-related applications
• Creating image-album
• Web application for antivirus
• Word processing application
• Spreadsheets
• Presentation software
• Finding a way on the map
• E-commerce software
• Miscellaneous applications
Importance of Cloud Computing

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 Importance of Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing gives your business more flexibility.
• You can quickly scale resources and storage up to meet business
demands without having to invest in physical infrastructure.
• Companies don't need to pay for or build the infrastructure
needed to support their highest load levels.
• Cloud computing is known to save capital costs at large.
• Some of the integral benefits of popular cost savings are no
upfront hardware or software purchases that are required for
cloud computing.
• The time to spend on computing, storage, and networking is
reduced, which has exempted plenty of costs.
• Cloud computing is enabling us to well manage and store this
ever-increasing data volume and not just that, it also provides us
data mining capabilities to help us derive usable insights from this
stored data anytime and anywhere.
Top Reasons Why Cloud Computing is
Important for Business:
1. Scalability
• Cloud computing is a scalable procedure.
• It has innumerable IT resources which have been helping it bloom
over the years.
• Scalability refers to the expansion of infrastructure to handle an
increased load for every application.
• Cloud computing helps in this procedure.
• It helps developers to increase their popularity in business.
• It is a primary driver of meeting the changing demand for
computing and development.
• Hence, this is why cloud computing is so important for business.
2. Flexibility
• Cloud computing promotes flexibility in the workplace.
• It allows the employees to be flexible enough by accessing
the data from home or on a holiday.
• Since cloud computing is present over virtual media, the
commute from home to work is saved if the employee has a
stable internet connection.
• Cloud computing is hence considered to be much more
flexible than Grid computing.
3. Saving Costs
• Cloud computing is known to save capital costs at large.
• Some of the integral benefits of popular cost savings are
no upfront hardware or software purchases that are
required for cloud computing.
• The time to spend on computing, storage, and
networking is reduced, which has exempted plenty of
costs.
• It also has shown amazing results in reducing operational
costs, maintenance, and upgrade expenses as well.
• This is why cloud computing is very important.
4. Disaster Recovery
Disaster Recovery or DRaaS is a cloud computing service model
that helps an organization back up its data over the cloud with the
help of an IT infrastructure third-party cloud computing
environment.
It provides DR orchestration as well through a SaaS solution so
that the IT infrastructure can regain its functionality.
It helps the employees quickly recover the critical systems of an
organization after a disaster and gives the employees remote
access to the systems.
This ensures a secure virtual environment. The importance of
cloud security is immensely beneficial and keeps data secured.
5. Compliance and Security
• Cloud computing comes with security services that enable
the cloud to reserve the data even during a disaster.
• It backs up the data with the help of an IT infrastructure
cloud structure which helps in regaining its full
functionality.
• Cloud computing compliance and security ensure user and
data authentication with access control and privacy
protection.
• Many organizations are inclined toward using a private
cloud database.
• Cloud computing ensures the privacy of the data, and that is
also why security is important in cloud computing.
• This particular method ensures the privacy of the company
infrastructure and maintains a commendable amount of
cyber security.
6. Manage IT Infrastructure With Low Complexity
• Cloud computing helps in managing IT infrastructure without a
tad bit of complexity.
• It helps to manage the server hardware with amazing
networking equipment to build cloud-based applications.
• The hardware and the software components of cloud
computing enable the seamless implementation of cloud
computing models in any organization.
• Cloud computing is smooth and provides for hassle-free work
irrespective of the medium of public, private, or hybrid cloud.
• This is considered to be one of the popular services provided
by cloud vendors.
7. Multiple Service Offerings
Cloud computing is a very popular service provider that has been
facilitating people for a very long time.
It has a plethora of service providers in the market who have
defined what is the need for cloud computing.
Multiple service providers offer cloud computing.
They are:
•Amazon Web Services (AWS).
•Microsoft Azure.
•Google Cloud Platform.
•IBM Cloud Services.
•Adobe Creative Cloud.
These cloud computing websites provide a great opportunity for
backing up data and other resources ensuring the upholding of the
IT infrastructure. It provides multiple services that are suitable for
your needs.
8. Effortless Maintenance
• The code maintainability in cloud computing is pretty high,
enabling organization-wide coordination.
• It depends upon the search, reuse, and change of other team codes
and enhances precision in the process of cloud computing.
• Therefore, cloud computing is easy to maintain taking into account
the current scenario by generating a large codebase for large-scale
organizations.
9. Easy Accessibility
• Cloud computing is an easy-to-access computing system.
• The cloud computing system is easy to access to manage the data.
• It helps to access online data easily the organizations.
• It is easy to build and is resistant to any kind of fault tolerance.
• The developers can add extra resources to allocate them from a
redundancy of any kind.
• It is easily accessible because it consists of both hardware and
software components that are required for an efficient computing
model.
10. Higher Level of Security
• Cloud computing provides a higher level of security when it
comes to both public and private clouds.
• It saves the data and ensures zero data breaches altogether.
• The hybrid cloud comes with automated data security with
advanced visibility and predictive threat analytics.
• It also enhances fast and easy onboarding as well.
• The cloud computing system consists of features for protection
against hackers.
• This is why security is important in cloud computing because it
helps to maintain a proper course of privacy for the companies.
Advantage of Cloud Computing
Characteristic of Cloud Computing
1. On-demand self-service
• AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud and other public cloud
platforms make resources available to users at the click of a button or
API call.
• With data centers all over the world, these vendors have vast amounts
of compute and storage assets at the ready.
• This represents a radical departure for IT teams accustomed to an on-
premises procurement process that can take months to complete.

2. Resource pooling
• Public cloud providers rely on multi-tenant architectures to
accommodate more users at the same time.
• Customers' workloads are abstracted from the hardware and underlying
software, which serve multiple customers on the same host.
• Cloud providers increasingly rely on custom hardware and abstraction
layers to improve security and speed users' access to resources.
3. Scalability and rapid elasticity
• Resource pooling enables scalability for cloud providers and users,
letting them add or remove compute, storage, networking and other
assets as needed.
• This helps enterprise IT teams optimize their cloud-hosted
workloads and avoid end-user bottlenecks.
• Clouds can scale vertically or horizontally, and service providers
offer automation software to handle dynamic scaling for users.

4. Pay-per-use pricing
• This cloud computing characteristic shifts IT spending from Capex
to Opex as providers offer per-second billing.
• This model achieves economies of scale through
reducing costs on a large scale and seeing an increase in efficiency.
• Though this can generally be seen as a positive, IT teams must be
careful since their resource needs likely aren't static.
• VMs should be right-sized, turned off while not in use, or scaled
down as conditions dictate. Otherwise, organizations waste money
and can end up with sticker shock when the monthly bill arrives.
5. Measured service
• Measuring cloud service usage is useful for both a cloud provider
and its customers.
• The provider and the customer monitor and report on the use of
resources and services, such as VMs, storage, processing and
bandwidth.
• That data is used to calculate the customer's consumption of cloud
resources and feeds into the pay-per-use model.
• The cloud provider, meanwhile, can better understand how customers
utilize its resources and potentially improve the infrastructure and
cloud computing services offered
6. Resiliency and availability
• Cloud providers use several techniques to guard against downtime,
such as minimizing regional dependencies to avoid single points of
failure.
• Users can also extend their workloads across availability zones,
which have redundant networks connecting multiple data centers in
relatively close proximity.
• Some higher-level services automatically distribute workloads across
availability zones.
7. Security
• While many enterprises balked at migrating workloads because of
security fears, those concerns have largely subsided, partly due to the
benefits of the above characteristics of cloud computing.
• Cloud vendors employ some of the best security experts in the world and
are generally better equipped to handle threats than most in-house IT
teams.
• Some of the biggest financial firms in the world say the cloud is a security
asset.
8. Broad network access
• A big part of the cloud's utility is its ubiquity. Data can be uploaded and
accessed from anywhere with an internet connection.
• Users can work from any location.
• The cloud is an attractive option for most enterprises that have a mix of
operating systems, platforms and devices.
• To preserve that broad network access, cloud providers monitor and
ensure various metrics that reflect how customers access cloud resources
and data: latency, access time, data throughput, etc.
• These factor into quality-of-service requirements and service-level
agreements.
Pros and Cons of Cloud Computing
 Pros of Cloud Computing

1. REDUCE INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS

• In-house data storage costs companies a significant amount of
money.
• There’s the up-front price tag of purchasing each new server as
well as the cost of installing them.
• Either your IT team has to take time out of their busy schedules
to perform the installation, or you have to pay the vendor to do
it.
• Then you need to ensure the equipment is maintained properly
and backed up regularly.
 Pros of Cloud Computing

2. IMPACT TO PERSONNEL
• Maintaining an in-house IT team big enough to manage local
servers can quickly lead to a ballooning budget.
• The time spent recruiting and the money spent training are all
with the hopes that you’re developing a highly effective and
dedicated employee but that’s not always the case.
• Some employees will underperform, and others may decide to
leave the organization.
• Turnover in the IT field costs companies
150 percent of an employee’s salary.
 Pros of Cloud Computing

3. CONSOLIDATE YOUR DATA

• With cloud storage, data is distributed amongst bi-costal data
centers.
• Syncing technology makes it possible to link up and update data
quickly, but storing data in the cloud makes syncing unnecessary.
• When all your data is stored in the cloud, you know exactly
where every piece of information is at any given time.
4. DEFEND AGAINST DISASTER
• Data loss can spell disaster for a company of any size.
• Data breaches cost an average of $3.86 million worldwide, and an
average of $7.91 million for companies in the United States.
• Cloud-based storage is much more secure than operating an on-
site data center.
• Organizations that store their data on the premises see 51 percent
more security incidents than those that use cloud storage.
 Pros of Cloud Computing
5.STAY SCALABLE
One of the challenges of growth is remaining scalable, so how
can cloud computing benefit your company when it comes to
expansion? This solution allows you to pay only for the amount
of storage your business needs. If you find your organization is
growing quickly enough to create the need for more storage, you
have two options.
6.INCREASE AUTOMATION
A significant portion of maintaining in-house data storage is
performing regular backups. The IT team has to take time to
create backups and schedule them around daily operations. Cloud
computing services go a long way toward automating these
routine backups so your team can get back to doing the work that
drives your business forward.
 Cons of Cloud Computing

1. UNDERSTANDING THE COSTS

• Though the cloud can help reduce costs in some areas, it is important to
make sure that when you move to the cloud, it truly makes sense.
• It is important to put a proper plan in place and look at all systems within
the organization.
• The key is to do an analysis of the systems and group them into two
categories.
• These two categories are systems that should be moved to the cloud and
which systems should remain on-premises.
• Once this is determined, you can set a budget for the initiative.
 Cons of Cloud Computing
2. MOVING FROM CLOUD TO ON-PREMISES
• Moving from on-premises servers to cloud data centers is
usually an easy process for your organization.
• Though this is the case, moving to another cloud supplier or
back to an on-premises server is not as easy.
• This process can actually get quite expensive, and the terms can
often favor the cloud supplier.
• Before deciding to enter into a contract with a supplier, make
sure to ask the question and understand the process for moving
workloads out of the cloud supplier data center.
• It is critical to cover the timelines, fines, and process.
 Cons of Cloud Computing
3. LIMITED CONTROL
• Because the infrastructure of the cloud is owned and managed by the
service provider, businesses may worry about not having enough
control over the service.
• This is where the provider’s end-user license agreement (EULA) can
help you out.
• It explains what limits the provider can place on your use of the
deployment.
• All legitimate cloud computing providers allow your organization to
exert control over your applications and data, even if it doesn’t allow
you to alter the infrastructure in any way.
 Cons of Cloud Computing
4. VENDOR LOCK-IN
• One of the disadvantages of cloud computing can come in the form
of vendor mismatches.
• Organizations might run into complications when migrating
services to a different vendor with a different platform.
• If this process isn’t handled correctly, data can be exposed to
unnecessary vulnerabilities.
• A good cloud services provider has the expertise to migrate your
data between vendors safely.
5. SLOWER BACKUPS AND RESTORES
• Because of moving data to the cloud involves some significant
communication latency, backups can end up taking longer than
they would with an in-house system.
• Even for larger, full backups, this isn’t usually an issue.
• The longest backups can run in the background without disrupting
networks, and the subsequent smaller backups take less time.
 Cons of Cloud Computing
6. INTERNET RELIANCE
• One minor drawback to cloud computing is the fact that it’s completely
reliant on the internet.
• If your internet connection goes down, you won’t have access to data
stored in the cloud for the duration of the outage.
• However, an internet interruption won’t destroy or compromise your
data stored in the cloud.
• Since your business needs the internet to perform nearly every function,
cloud computing is really no different than any other web-based tool.
7. INTERNET USE
• If you’re running backups during working hours when people are
heavily using the internet, a large backup to the cloud has the potential
to increase congestion and reduce your internet performance.
• This issue primarily affects small businesses without the resources to
invest in the highest internet bandwidth and speeds. However, a good
provider will work with you to avoid this issue through scheduling or
automation.
The Seven-Step mode of migration
into Cloud
 The Seven-Step mode of migration into
Cloud
• Migrating an application to the cloud is not an easy task. It is
important to strictly adhere to the seven step model to ensure that
the process is robust and error free.

1. ASSESSMENT
• Migration starts with an assessment of the issues relating to
migration, at the application, code, design, and architecture
levels.
• Moreover, assessments are also required for tools being used,
functionality, test cases, and configuration of the application.
• The proof of concepts for migration and the corresponding
pricing details will help to assess these issues properly.
The Seven-Step mode of migration into
Cloud
2. ISOLATE
• The second step is the isolation of all the environmental and
systemic dependencies of the enterprise application within the
captive data center.
• These include library, application, and architectural dependencies.
This step results in a better understanding of the complexity of the
migration.

3. MAP
A mapping construct is generated to separate the components that
should reside in the captive data center from the ones that will go into
the cloud.
 The Seven-Step mode of migration into
Cloud
4. RE-ARCHITECT
It is likely that a substantial part of the application has to be re-
architected and implemented in the cloud. This can affect the
functionalities of the application and some of these might be lost. It
is possible to approximate lost functionality using cloud runtime
support API.

5. AUGMENT
The features of cloud computing service are used to augment the
application.
The Seven-Step mode of migration into
Cloud
6. TEST
• Once the augmentation is done, the application needs to be
validated and tested.
• This is to be done using a test suite for the applications on the
cloud. New test cases due to augmentation and proof-of-
concepts are also tested at this stage.

7. OPTIMISE
• The test results from the last step can be mixed and so require
iteration and optimization.
• It may take several optimizing iterations for the migration to be
successful.
• It is best to iterate through this seven step model as this will
ensure the migration to be robust and comprehensive.
Trends in Computing /Cloud Technology
Trend

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Trends in Computing /Cloud Technology
Trend
1. AI and ML
• One of the most trending technologies that are close to cloud
computing is Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.
• They are cost-effective technologies as they require high
computational power and storage for the collection of data and
training.
• Major trends that will grow in this sector in the upcoming years are
self-automation, self-learning, personalized cloud, high data
security, and privacy.
• Many cloud service provider companies such
as Amazon, Google, IBM, etc are investing a lot in artificial
intelligence and machine learning.
• Amazon’s AWS DeepLens camera and Google Lens are two such
examples of their products based on machine learning.

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Trends in Computing /Cloud Technology
Trend
2. Data Security
• When it comes to data security, no business or organization wants
to compromise.
• Security of the organization’s data is a top priority. Threats such as
data leaks, data deletion, and unauthorized amendments to the data
need to be minimized.
• Certain steps can be taken to minimize the losses and ensure high
data security.
• Data breaches can be minimized with the help of encryption and
authentication.
• Data losses can be reduced with the help of backups, reviewing
privacy policies, and data recovery systems.
• Security testing will be done thoroughly to detect any loopholes
and patches.
• High-security measures should be taken during storage and transfer
of data.
• Cloud service providers secure the data with many security45
protocols and data encryption algorithms.
Trends in Computing /Cloud Technology
Trend
3.Multi and Hybrid Cloud Deployment
• The use of multi-cloud and hybrid solutions is increasing.
• Many organizations like banks, insurance companies, etc are
using hybrid cloud service that offers a combination of both
private and public clouds to store their data.
• Now, businesses are dividing their workload among multiple
cloud service providers to control their data and resources as
well as utilize the strength of each cloud service provider.
• The use of multi-cloud minimizes the potential risks and failure
points and provides cost-effectiveness.

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Trends in Computing /Cloud Technology
Trend
4. Low Code and No Code Cloud Solutions
• Those days are gone when users need to write hundreds of
lines of code to create applications and solve real-world
problems and have deep technical knowledge.
• Businesses can create applications and make use of AI and its
subdomains with low-code and no-code cloud solutions.
• These solutions can help in the development
of websites, apps, services, etc without having any technical
knowledge.
• This helps in reducing the time and cost involved to create
these solutions.
• These solutions increase product development speed and
result in a smaller number of errors.

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Trends in Computing /Cloud Technology
Trend
5. Edge computing
• Edge computing includes storage of data, data processing,
and data analytics which is done geographically nearer to the
source.
• It means that the computation and storage of data are brought
closer to the source sensors and devices.
• It provides many benefits like reduced latency, enhanced
efficiency, increased privacy, security, and a high rate of data
transmission.
• It works in real-time and processes data that is not bounded by
time.
• As the use of 5G is increasing, it is easy to achieve fast
processing and reduced latency.

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Trends in Computing /Cloud Technology
Trend

6. IoT
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a trend that is becoming popular
day by day.
• IoT involves the use of many sensors that generate huge amounts
of data which gets storage on cloud servers.
• IoT makes use of many sensors, and actuators and performs
analysis on the data collected to yield results that will help in
taking business decisions.
• It involves connectivity among computers, networks, and
servers.
• It can remotely collect data and communicate with the devices.

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Trends in Computing /Cloud Technology
Trend
7. Kubernetes and Docker
• Kubernetes is an open-source orchestration platform where scaling,
management, and deployment of applications is done automatically.
• It provides automation to the cloud network users. Organizations
can choose a particular Kubernetes platform based on their
requirements.
• Docker is a platform where developers can package applications
and can deploy them anywhere in the form of containers.
• Kubernetes and Docker are among the trending and evolving
technologies in cloud computing.
• They are an open-source platform that manages services and
workloads from a single location while running applications from a
single source.
• They provide scalability and efficiency to many large-scale
deployments.
• As the use of cloud computing services is increasing, Kubernetes
and Docker play a major role in managing cloud deployments of
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cloud users and organizations.
 Trends in Computing /Cloud Technology
Trend

8. Serverless architecture/computing
• Serverless computing is a methodology that provides backend
services on a per-user basis.
• There is no need for developers to manage the servers while running
their code.
• Code execution is managed by the cloud service provider. Cloud
users will pay as per the pay-as-you-go format which means that
users will only pay when their code runs instead for a fixed server.
• There is no need to purchase the servers as a third party will manage
the cost for you.
• This will help in reducing infrastructure costs and will enhance
scalability.

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Trends in Computing /Cloud Technology
Trend
• Cloud computing provides many benefits to its customers in
managing their data but along with that, many security issues
are sometimes faced by the users.
• Risks involving network invasion, Denial of Service (DoS)
attacks, issues in virtualization, unauthorized use of data, etc.
This can be minimized with the help of DevSecOps.
• DevSecOps is an integration of security with the ongoing
development process.
• It embeds many processes in its workflow to ensure secure
task automation.
• Many cloud service providers provide various tools and
services to help businesses apply DevSecOps methods.
• It will provide all the required security to provide a secure
system to the users.

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Trends in Computing /Cloud Technology
Trend
10. Disaster recovery and backup
• Disaster recovery plays a crucial role in the restoration of
critical data and systems in case of any kind of disaster.
• Many organizations have faced huge losses of unsaved data
due to server crashes.
• With the help of cloud computing, a backup of critical data of
businesses can be stored to quickly recover from disruptions
such as data loss, power outages, natural disasters,
cyberattacks, or hardware failures.
• For any organization, a strong disaster recovery and backup
plan with the help of cloud computing can save them from a
huge loss.
• Many enterprises keep electronic records and files and upload
those documents on an external cloud server automatically.
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Cloud Service
Models

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Cloud Service
Models

55
Cloud Service
Models
Most cloud computing services fall into five broad categories:
1.Software as a service (SaaS)
2.Platform as a service (PaaS)
3.Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
4.Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)
5.Function as a Service (FaaS)

These are sometimes called the cloud computing stack because they
are built on top of one another. Knowing what they are and how they are
different, makes it easier to accomplish your goals. These abstraction
layers can also be viewed as a layered architecture where services of a
higher layer can be composed of services of the underlying layer i.e,
SaaS can provide Infrastructure.

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Software as a Service(SaaS)
• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services
and applications over the Internet.
• Instead of installing and maintaining software, we simply
access it via the Internet, freeing ourselves from the complex
software and hardware management.
• It removes the need to install and run applications on our own
computers or in the data centers eliminating the expenses of
hardware as well as software maintenance.
• SaaS provides a complete software solution that you purchase
on a pay-as-you-go basis from a cloud service provider.
• Most SaaS applications can be run directly from a web
browser without any downloads or installations required.
• The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based
software, on-demand software, or hosted software.
Advantages of SaaS
1.Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.
2.Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from their
web browser without needing to download and install any software.
This reduces the time spent in installation and configuration and can
reduce the issues that can get in the way of the software
deployment.
3.Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
4.Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software,
customers rely on a SaaS provider to automatically perform the
updates.
5.Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and features
on-demand.
The various companies providing Software as a service are Cloud9
Analytics, Salesforce.com, Cloud Switch, Microsoft Office 365, Big
Commerce, Eloqua, dropBox, and Cloud Tran.
Disadvantages of Saas :
1.Limited customization: SaaS solutions are typically not as
customizable as on-premises software, meaning that users may have to
work within the constraints of the SaaS provider’s platform and may
not be able to tailor the software to their specific needs.
2.Dependence on internet connectivity: SaaS solutions are typically
cloud-based, which means that they require a stable internet connection
to function properly. This can be problematic for users in areas with
poor connectivity or for those who need to access the software in
offline environments.
3.Security concerns: SaaS providers are responsible for maintaining
the security of the data stored on their servers, but there is still a risk of
data breaches or other security incidents.
4.Limited control over data: SaaS providers may have access to a
user’s data, which can be a concern for organizations that need to
maintain strict control over their data for regulatory or other reasons.
Platform as a Service
• PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and
environment to allow developers to build applications and services
over the internet.
• PaaS services are hosted in the cloud and accessed by users simply
via their web browser.
• A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own
infrastructure.
• As a result, PaaS frees users from having to install in-house hardware
and software to develop or run a new application.
• Thus, the development and deployment of the application take
place independent of the hardware.
• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or
storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly
configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.
• To make it simple, take the example of an annual day function, you
will have two options either to create a venue or to rent a venue but
the function is the same.
Advantages of PaaS:
1.Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the
infrastructure and other IT services, which users can access anywhere
via a web browser.
2.Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-use
basis thus eliminating the expenses one may have for on-premises
hardware and software.
3.Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to support the
complete web application lifecycle: building, testing, deploying,
managing, and updating.
4.Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with reduced
complexity thus, the overall development of the application can be
more effective.
The various companies providing Platform as a service are Amazon
Web services Elastic Beanstalk, Salesforce, Windows Azure, Google
App Engine, cloud Bees and IBM smart cloud.
Disadvantages of Paas:
1.Limited control over infrastructure: PaaS providers typically
manage the underlying infrastructure and take care of maintenance and
updates, but this can also mean that users have less control over the
environment and may not be able to make certain customizations.
2.Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the PaaS
provider for the availability, scalability, and reliability of the platform,
which can be a risk if the provider experiences outages or other issues.
3.Limited flexibility: PaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate
certain types of workloads or applications, which can limit the value of
the solution for certain organizations.
Infrastructure as a Service
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers
computer infrastructure on an outsourced basis to support various
operations.
• Typically IaaS is a service where infrastructure is provided as
outsourcing to enterprises such as networking equipment, devices,
database, and web servers.
• It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS).
• IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour, week,
or month.
• Some providers also charge customers based on the amount of virtual
machine space they use.
• It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security,
networking, and servers for developing such applications, and
services, and deploying development tools, databases, etc.
Advantages of IaaS:
1.Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost
and IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour,
week, or month.
2.Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive
than traditional web hosting.
3.Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better security than
your existing software.
4.Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying data
center or the introduction of new releases of the development or
underlying software. This is all handled by the IaaS Cloud Provider.

The various companies providing Infrastructure as a service are

Amazon web services, Bluestack, IBM, Openstack, Rackspace, and
Vmware.
Disadvantages of laaS :
1.Limited control over infrastructure: IaaS providers typically
manage the underlying infrastructure and take care of maintenance and
updates, but this can also mean that users have less control over the
environment and may not be able to make certain customizations.
2.Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data
and applications, which can be a significant undertaking.
3.Limited access: Cloud computing may not be accessible in certain
regions and countries due to legal policies.
 Cloud Storage Models

• In Cloud Computing, Cloud storage is a virtual locker where we

can remotely stash any data.
• When we upload a file to a cloud-based server like Google Drive,
OneDrive, or iCloud that file gets copied over the Internet into a
data server that is cloud-based actual physical space where
companies store files on multiple hard drives.
• Most companies have hundreds of the ese servers known as
‘server farms’ spanning across multiple locations.
• So, if our data gets somehow lost we will not lose our data
because it will be backed up by another location.
• This is known as redundancy which keeps our data safe from
being lost.
 Cloud Storage Models
Features of Cloud Storage System:
The key features of cloud computing are as follows.
•It has a greater availability of resources.
•Easy maintenance is one of the key benefits of using Cloud
computing.
•Cloud computing has a Large Network Access.
•It has an automatic system.
•Security is one of the major components and using cloud computing
you can secure all over the networks.

Storage Systems in the Cloud

There are 3 types of storage systems in the Cloud as follows.
Block-Based Storage System
File-Based Storage System
Object-Based Storage System
 Cloud Storage Models
1. Block-Based Storage System –
•Hard drives are block-based storage systems.
•Your operating system like Windows or Linux actually sees a hard
disk drive.
•So, it sees a drive on which you can create a volume, and then you
can partition that volume and format them.
•For example, If a system has 1000 GB of volume, then we can
partition it into 800 GB and 200 GB for local C and local D drives
respectively.
•Remember with a block-based storage system, your computer would
see a drive, and then you can create volumes and partitions.
 Cloud Storage Models
2. File-Based Storage System –
•In this, you are actually connecting through a
Network Interface Card (NIC). You are going over a network, and
then you can access the network-attached storage server (NAS).
•NAS devices are file-based storage systems.
•This storage server is another computing device that has another disk
in it. It is already created a file system so that it’s already formatted its
partitions, and it will share its file systems over the network. Here,
you can actually map the drive to its network location.
•In this, like the previous one, there is no need to partition and format
the volume by the user.
•It’s already done in file-based storage systems. So, the operating
system sees a file system that is mapped to a local drive letter.
 Cloud Storage Models

3. Object-Based Storage System –

•In this, a user uploads objects using a web browser and uploads an
object to a container i.e., Object Storage Container.
•This uses the HTTP Protocols with the rest of the APIs (for
example: GET, PUT, POST, SELECT, DELETE).
•For example, when you connect to any website, you need to
download some images, text, or anything that the website contains.
•For that, it is a code HTTP GET request. If you want to review any
product then you can use PUT and POST requests.
•Also, there is no hierarchy of objects in the container. Every file is
on the same level in an Object-Based storage system.
 Cloud Storage
Models
Advantages of Cloud Storage Scalability – Capacity and storage
can be expanded and performance can be enhanced.
Flexibility – Data can be manipulated and scaled according to the
rules.
Simpler Data Migrations – As it can add and remove new and old
data when required and eliminates disruptive data migrations.
Recovery -In the event of a hard drive failure or other hardware
malfunction, you can access your files on the cloud.
Disadvantages of Cloud Storage
Data centers require electricity and proper internet facility to operate
their work, failing which system will not work properly.
Support for cloud storage isn’t the best, especially if you are using a
free version of a cloud provider.
When you use a cloud provider, your data is no longer on your
physical storage.
Cloud-based storage is dependent on having an internet connection.
If you are on a slow network you may have issues accessing your
storage.
Cloud Computing Logical
Architecture
• Architecture of cloud computing is the combination of both SOA
(Service Oriented Architecture) and EDA (Event Driven
Architecture).
• Client infrastructure, application, service, runtime cloud, storage,
infrastructure, management and security all these are the
components of cloud computing architecture.
• The logical architecture of typical enterprise applications is
typically structured in three layers: the data access layer, the
processing layer, and the presentation layer.
• The following diagram maps the conceptual architecture to a
logical view for the vCloud NFV platform:
Cloud Computing Logical Architecture
 Cloud Computing Logical Architecture

● The vCloud NFV platform delivers a complete integrated solution that

has been rigorously tested to ensure compatibility, robustness, and
functionality.
● The components that build the solution are currently deployed across
many industries and scenarios.
● The vCloud NFV software components can be used in various ways to
construct a comprehensive, end-to-end solution that meets the business
goals of CSPs.
● This document discusses how components can be used to create a
vCloud NFV architecture
Cloud Computing Logical
Architecture
Physical Resource Abstraction:
● By using the software component layers between the physical
hardware and the VNFs, physical resources are abstracted.
● This provides a standardized software-based platform for running
workloads, regardless of the underlying hardware.
● As long as the CSP uses certified physical components,
workloads can be deployed by the carrier at the point of presence
(POP), distributed, or centralized data center.
Cloud Computing Logical
Architecture
Physical Resource Pooling:
● Physical resource pooling occurs when vCloud NFV presents a
logical virtualization layer to workloads, combining the physical
resources into one or more resource pools.
● Resource pooling together with an intelligent scheduler facilitates
optimal resource utilization, load distribution, high availability,
and scalability.
● This allows for fine grained resource allocation and control of
pooled resources based on specific workload requirements.
 Cloud Computing Logical
Architecture
Physical Resource Sharing:
● To benefit from cloud economies, the resources that are pooled
and abstracted by the virtualization layer must be shared between
various network functions.
● The virtualization layer provides the functionality that is required
for VNFs to be scheduled on the same compute resources,
collocated on the shared storage, and to have the network capacity
divided among them.
● The virtualization layer also ensures fairness in resource
utilization and usage policy enforcement.
Cloud Computing Logical Architecture

vCloud NFV Infrastructure and Orchestration

● The infrastructure and orchestration domain contain the NFVI
abstractions for compute, storage, and networking.
● It also contains the Virtualized Infrastructure Manager (VIM),
which is the resource orchestration component of the NFV
platform.

Platform Services
● The platform services domain represents the capabilities that
vCloud Director for Service Providers delivers to the NFV
platform. VNFs, VNF managers, and other components running
within the vCloud NFV platform can use these capabilities
 Cloud Computing Logical Architecture

Continuity
This domain represents components for business continuity and
disaster recovery solutions, which are an integral part of the vCloud
NFV platform.

Operations Management
The Operations Management domain represents the day 1 and day 2
functions to ensure that the infrastructure and service components are
operating in a healthy state and SLAs are met.

Logical Architecture and Components : Link:

https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-vCloud-NFV/3.2.1/vmware-
vcloud-nfv-reference-architecture-321/GUID-57F38988-4546-41DD-
A133-9FEFEF04D499.html
 Cloud Computing System
Architecture
Cloud Computing Architecture:
The cloud architecture is divided into 2 parts i.e.
1.Frontend
2.Backend

• The figure represents an internal architectural view of cloud

computing.
• Architecture of cloud computing is the combination of both
SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) and EDA (Event Driven
Architecture).
• Client infrastructure, application, service, runtime cloud,
storage, infrastructure, management and security all these are
the components of cloud computing architecture.

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Cloud Computing System Architecture

81
Cloud Computing System Architecture

82
Cloud Computing System
Architecture
1.Frontend:
• Frontend of the cloud architecture refers to the client side of cloud
computing system.
• Means it contains all the user interfaces and applications which are
used by the client to access the cloud computing services/resources.
• For example, use of a web browser to access the cloud platform.

•Client Infrastructure – Client Infrastructure is a part of the frontend

component.
•It contains the applications and user interfaces which are required to
access the cloud platform.
•In other words, it provides a GUI( Graphical User Interface ) to
interact with the cloud.

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 Cloud Computing System
Architecture
2. Backend : Backend refers to the cloud itself which is used by the service
provider. It contains the resources as well as manages the resources and
provides security mechanisms. Along with this, it includes huge storage,
virtual applications, virtual machines, traffic control mechanisms,
deployment models, etc.
1.Application –
Application in backend refers to a software or platform to which client
accesses. Means it provides the service in backend as per the client
requirement.
2.Service –
Service in backend refers to the major three types of cloud based services
like SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. Also manages which type of service the user
accesses.
3. Runtime Cloud-Runtime cloud in backend provides the execution and
Runtime platform/environment to the Virtual machine.

84
 Cloud Computing System Architecture

4.Storage–Storage in backend provides flexible and scalable storage

service and management of stored data.
5.Infrastructure–Cloud Infrastructure in backend refers to the hardware
and software components of cloud like it includes servers, storage, network
devices, virtualization software etc.
6.Management –
Management in backend refers to management of backend components
like application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other
security mechanisms etc.
7.Security –
Security in backend refers to implementation of different security
mechanisms in the backend for secure cloud resources, systems, files, and
infrastructure to end-users.

85
 Cloud Computing System
Architecture

9.Internet –
Internet connection acts as the medium or a bridge between frontend and
backend and establishes the interaction and communication between
frontend and backend.
10.Database– Database in backend refers to provide database for storing
structured data, such as SQL and NOSQL databases. Example of Databases
services include Amazon RDS, Microsoft Azure SQL database and Google
CLoud SQL.
11.Networking– Networking in backend services that provide networking
infrastructure for application in the cloud, such as load balancing, DNS and
virtual private networks.
12.Analytics– Analytics in backend service that provides analytics
capabillities for data in the cloud, such as warehousing, bussness
intellegence and machine learning.
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Cloud Computing System
Architecture

Benefits of Cloud Computing Architecture :

•Makes overall cloud computing system simpler.
•Improves data processing requirements.
•Helps in providing high security.
•Makes it more modularized.
•Results in better disaster recovery.
•Gives good user accessibility.
•Reduces IT operating costs.
•Provides high level reliability.
•Scalability.

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Developing Holistic Cloud Computing
Reference Model

• The cloud computing reference model is an abstract model

that divides a cloud computing environment into abstraction
layers and cross-layer functions to characterize and
standardize its functions.
• This reference model divides cloud computing activities and
functions into three cross-layer functions and five logical
layers.
• Each of these layers describes different things that might be
present in a cloud computing environment, such as
computing systems, networking, storage equipment,
virtualization software, security measures, control and
management software
Developing Holistic Cloud Computing
Reference Model
Cloud Computing reference model is divided into 3 major service
models:
1.Software as a Service (SaaS)
2.Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3.Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS are the three most prevalent cloud delivery
models, and together they have been widely adopted and formalized.

The below diagram explains the cloud computing reference model:

Developing Holistic Cloud Computing
Reference Model
 Cloud Deployment Models

• Cloud Deployment Model functions as a virtual computing

environment with a deployment architecture that varies depending on
the amount of data you want to store and who has access to the
infrastructure.
Types of Cloud Computing Deployment Models:
• The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud
environment based on ownership, scale, and access, as well as the
cloud’s nature and purpose.
• The location of the servers you’re utilizing and who controls them are
defined by a cloud deployment model.
• It specifies how your cloud infrastructure will look, what you can
change, and whether you will be given services or will have to create
everything yourself.
• Relationships between the infrastructure and your users are also
defined by cloud deployment types.
Cloud Deployment Types

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 Cloud Deployment Models
Different types of cloud computing deployment models are
described below.
1. Public Cloud
2. Private Cloud
3. Hybrid Cloud
4. Community Cloud
5. Multi-Cloud
 Cloud Deployment Models
Public Cloud
• The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems
and services.
• The public cloud may be less secure as it is open to everyone.
• The public cloud is one in which cloud infrastructure services are
provided over the internet to the general people or major industry
groups.
• The infrastructure in this cloud model is owned by the entity that
delivers the cloud services, not by the consumer.
• It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers and users to
easily access systems and services.
• This form of cloud computing is an excellent example of cloud
hosting, in which service providers supply services to a variety of
customers.
• In this arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are given
for free, as a subscription, or on a per-user basis. For example,
Google App Engine etc.
 Cloud Deployment Models

Advantages of the Public Cloud Model

•Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is
no substantial upfront fee, making it excellent for enterprises that
require immediate access to resources.
•No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the
cloud service providers, thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
 Cloud Deployment Models

•Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public

cloud does not necessitate infrastructure management.
•No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service
provider (not users).
•Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand
resources are accessible.

Disadvantages of the Public Cloud Model

•Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are public so
there is no guarantee of high-level security.
•Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it can’t be
customized according to personal requirements.
 Cloud Deployment Models
Private Cloud
• The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the
public cloud deployment model.
• It’s a one-on-one environment for a single user (customer).
• There is no need to share your hardware with anyone else.
• The distinction between private and public clouds is in how you
handle all of the hardware.
• It is also called the “internal cloud” & it refers to the ability to
access systems and services within a given border or
organization.
• The cloud platform is implemented in a cloud-based secure
environment that is protected by powerful firewalls and under
the supervision of an organization’s IT department.
• The private cloud gives greater flexibility of control over cloud
resources.
 Cloud Deployment Models

Advantages of the Private Cloud Model

•Better Control: You are the sole owner of the property. You
gain complete command over service integration, IT
operations, policies, and user behavior.
 Cloud Deployment Models
•Data Security and Privacy: It’s suitable for storing corporate
information to which only authorized staff have access. By
segmenting resources within the same infrastructure, improved access
and security can be achieved.
•Supports Legacy Systems: This approach is designed to work with
legacy systems that are unable to access the public cloud.
•Customization: Unlike a public cloud deployment, a private cloud
allows a company to tailor its solution to meet its specific needs.

Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model

•Less scalable: Private clouds are scaled within a certain range as
there is less number of clients.
•Costly: Private clouds are more costly as they provide personalized
facilities.
 Cloud Deployment Models

Hybrid Cloud
• By bridging the public and private worlds with a layer of
proprietary software, hybrid cloud computing gives the best of
both worlds.
• With a hybrid solution, you may host the app in a safe
environment while taking advantage of the public cloud’s cost
savings.
• Organizations can move data and applications between different
clouds using a combination of two or more cloud deployment
methods, depending on their needs.
Cloud Deployment Models
 Cloud Deployment Models

Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model

•Flexibility and control: Businesses with more flexibility can
design personalized solutions that meet their particular needs.
•Cost: Because public clouds provide scalability, you’ll only be
responsible for paying for the extra capacity if you require it.
•Security: Because data is properly separated, the chances of data
theft by attackers are considerably reduced.

Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model

•Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage as it is
a combination of both public and private cloud. So, it is complex.
•Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid cloud
takes place through the public cloud so latency occurs.
 Cloud Deployment Models

Community Cloud
• It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of
organizations.
• It is a distributed system that is created by integrating the services of
different clouds to address the specific needs of a community,
industry, or business.
• The infrastructure of the community could be shared between the
organization which has shared concerns or tasks.
• It is generally managed by a third party or by the combination of
one or more organizations in the community.
Cloud Deployment Models
 Cloud Deployment Models
Advantages of the Community Cloud Model
•Cost Effective: It is cost-effective because the cloud is shared by
multiple organizations or communities.
•Security: Community cloud provides better security.
•Shared resources: It allows you to share resources, infrastructure,
etc. with multiple organizations.
•Collaboration and data sharing: It is suitable for both collaboration
and data sharing.
Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model
•Limited Scalability: Community cloud is relatively less scalable as
many organizations share the same resources according to their
collaborative interests.
•Rigid in customization: As the data and resources are shared among
different organizations according to their mutual interests if an
organization wants some changes according to their needs they cannot
do so because it will have an impact on other organizations.
 Cloud Deployment Models
Multi-Cloud
• We’re talking about employing multiple cloud providers at the same
time under this paradigm, as the name implies.
• It’s similar to the hybrid cloud deployment approach, which
combines public and private cloud resources.
• Instead of merging private and public clouds, multi-cloud uses many
public clouds.
• Although public cloud providers provide numerous tools to improve
the reliability of their services, mishaps still occur.
• It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds would have an incident at the
same moment.
• As a result, multi-cloud deployment improves the high availability
of your services even more.
Cloud Deployment Models
 Cloud Deployment Models
Advantages of the Multi-Cloud Model
•You can mix and match the best features of each cloud provider’s
services to suit the demands of your apps, workloads, and business
by choosing different cloud providers.
•Reduced Latency: To reduce latency and improve user experience,
you can choose cloud regions and zones that are close to your
clients.
•High availability of service: It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds
would have an incident at the same moment. So, the multi-cloud
deployment improves the high availability of your services.
Disadvantages of the Multi-Cloud Model
•Complex: The combination of many clouds makes the system
complex and bottlenecks may occur.
•Security issue: Due to the complex structure, there may be
loopholes to which a hacker can take advantage hence, makes the
data insecure.
Case Study-IBM
Cloud
https://go2.digitalrealty.com/rs/087-YZJ-646/images/
Case_Study_Digital_Realty_1801_IBM_Cloud.pdf

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CO-PO Mapping
CO-PO mapping table

PO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1

PO1 Engineering knowledge Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

Engineering fundamentals, and an Engineering specialization to the solution of complex
Engineering problems.
PO2 Problem analysis Identify, formulate, review research literature and analyze
complex Engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences and Engineering sciences.
PO3 Design / Development of Solutions Design solutions for complex Engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
Environmental considerations.
PO12 Life-long Learning Recognize the need for, and have the preparation
and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change. 21
Thank you!