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Chem2module4colligativeproperties 221112044052 83f51c88

Colligative properties are characteristics of solutions that depend on the number of solute particles rather than their identity, including vapor-pressure lowering, boiling-point elevation, freezing-point depression, and osmotic pressure. The document explains how these properties affect the physical behavior of solutions, such as the increase in boiling point and decrease in freezing point due to the presence of solute particles. Additionally, it discusses practical applications, such as the effect of adding salt to boiling water and its use on icy roads.

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Jhon Rey Lagos
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12 views16 pages

Chem2module4colligativeproperties 221112044052 83f51c88

Colligative properties are characteristics of solutions that depend on the number of solute particles rather than their identity, including vapor-pressure lowering, boiling-point elevation, freezing-point depression, and osmotic pressure. The document explains how these properties affect the physical behavior of solutions, such as the increase in boiling point and decrease in freezing point due to the presence of solute particles. Additionally, it discusses practical applications, such as the effect of adding salt to boiling water and its use on icy roads.

Uploaded by

Jhon Rey Lagos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Colligative Properties of

Solutions
Colligative Properties
 Colligative Property: A property that
depends only upon the number of
solute particles (concentration), and
NOT upon their identity.
 Four Important Colligative Properties
of Solutions.
 Vapor-pressure lowering
 Boiling-point elevation
 Freezing-point depression
 Osmotic Pressure
Vapor-Pressure Lowering
 Vapor pressure: is the
pressure exerted by a
vapor that is in
dynamic equilibrium
with its liquid
(molecules are moving
back and forth  This is true because
between liquid and in a solution, solute
vapor phases) particles reduce the
 A solution that contains number of free
a solute that is not solvent particles
easily vaporized always able to escape the
has a lower vapor liquid.
Vapor-Pressure Lowering
 The decrease in a solution’s vapor
pressure is proportional to the
number of particles the solute makes
in solution.
Boiling-Point Elevation
 Boiling Point: The
temperature at which the
vapor pressure of the liquid
phase equals atmospheric
pressure.
 Because of the decrease in
vapor pressure, additional
kinetic energy must be added to
raise the vapor pressure of the
liquid phase of the solution to
atmospheric pressure to initiate
boiling.
Boiling-Point Elevation
 Boiling-Point Elevation:
The difference in
temperature between
the boiling point of a
solution and the boiling
point of the pure solvent.
 The boiling point of a
solution is higher than the
boiling point of the pure
solvent.
Boiling-Point Elevation
 The magnitude of the
boiling-point
elevation is
proportional to the
number of solute
particles dissolved in
the solvent.
 It takes additional
kinetic energy for the
solvent particles to
overcome the
attractive forces that
Boiling-Point Elevation

The water molecules are


attracted to ions in
solution, the ions “hold”
the water molecules
down instead of allowing
them to be released into
the vapor phase. The
water molecules need
more energy to “escape”
from the ions in solution!
DOES ADDING SALT HELP
WATER BOIL?
Salt is often added to boiling water
when preparing spaghetti or other
pasta. One reason is to add flavor to
the food. Some people believe that the
addition of salt increases the boiling
point of the water. Technically, they are
correct, but the increase is rather
small. You would need to add over 100
grams of NaCl to a liter of water to
increase the boiling point a couple of
Freezing-Point Depression
 Freezing-Point Depression: The
difference in temperature between
the freezing point of a solution and
the freezing point of the pure solvent
(water).
 The presence of a solute in water
disrupts the formation of the orderly
pattern of ice. Therefore more kinetic
energy must be withdrawn from a
solution than from the pure solvent to
cause the solution to solidify.
Freezing-Point Depression
Freezing-Point Depression
 The magnitude of the
freezing-point
depression is
proportional to the
number of solute
particles dissolved in
the solvent and does
not depend upon their
identity.
 Which would be a better
salt for putting on icy
???

Why do we spread SALT on the


roads in the winter?
Osmosis
 Flow of water down its concentration
gradient, across a semi-permeable
membrane
 Diffusion – molecules tent to
distribute themselves evenly in a
space

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