PRAYER
PRAYER
PRAYER
DESCRIBING
MATHEMATICA
L SYSTEM
DESCRIBING MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM
Geometry has a big contribution in our society. It is the beginning
of numerous easy and complicated designs of buildings,
infrastructures, houses, churches, and many others. This implies that
we apply to the modern world what euclidian theories in geometry
have been given. Euclid of alexandria (lived c. 300 BCE) was known
as the “father of geometry”. He systematized ancient greek and
near eastern mathematics and geometry. The mathematical system
known as euclidian geometry attributed to euclid, was described
in his textbook the “elements” as a structure formed from one or
more sets of undefined objects, various concepts which may or may
not be defined, and a set of axioms relating these objects and
UNDEFINED TERMS
Undefined terms are terms that do
not require a definition but can be
described. These terms are used as a
base to define other terms, hence,
these are the building blocks of other
mathematical terms, such as
definitions, axioms, and theorems.
Examples of undefined terms are point,
DEFINED TERMS
Defined terms are the terms of
mathematical system that can be
defined using undefined terms.
Examples of defined terms are
angle, line segment, and circle.
Term or phrase which makes use of
the undefined terms and previously
defined terms and common words.
AXIOMS AND POSTULATES
Axioms and postulates are the
statements assumed to be true and
no need for further proof. Consider
the statements:
1. The sun sets in the west.
2. The Philippines is found in Asia.
3. There are 7 days in a week.
COMMUTATIVE AXIOM
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎 or 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑏
∙𝑎
Examples:
3+2
2+3=
3∙2
2∙3=
ASSOCIATIVE AXIOM
𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎 ∙ (𝑏 ∙ 𝑐) = (𝑎 ∙ 𝑏) ∙ 𝑐
Examples:
2 + (3 + 4) = (2 + 3) +
(24)∙ 3)
2 ∙ (3 ∙ 4) =
DISTRIBUTIVE AXIOM
𝑎 · (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 · 𝑏) + (𝑎
· 𝑐)
Example: (2 · 3) + (2 ·
2 · (3 + 4) =4)
REFLEXIVE AXIOM
𝑎=𝑎
Examples:
2 =2
5 =5
SYMMETRIC AXIOM
IF 𝑎 = 𝑏, THEN 𝑏 = 𝑎
Examples:
IF x = y,Then y = x
Then 4 = 2x
IF 2x = 4,
TRANSITIVE AXIOM
IF 𝑎 < 𝑏, AND 𝑏 < 𝑐,
THEN 𝑎 < 𝑐
Example: Then 2 < 4
IF 2 < 3, AND 3 < 4,
ADDITION AXIOM
IF 𝑎 = 𝑏, THEN 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 𝑏 +
𝑐
Example: Then 2 + 3 = 2
IF 2 = 2,+ 3
MULTIPLICATION AXIOM
IF 𝑎 = 𝑏, THEN 𝑎 · 𝑐 = 𝑏 · 𝑐
Example:
IF 2 = 2,Then 2 · 3 = 2 ·
3
EXISTENCE OF ADDITIVE
INVERSE
𝑎 + (− 𝑎) = 0
(− 𝑎) + 𝑎 = 0
Examples:
(-
2+ =0
2)5
(-5) + =0
EXISTENCE OF
𝑎· =1
MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE
Examples:
2· =1
3
·=1
EXISTENCE OF MULTIPLICATIVE
For any real number 𝑎,
IDENTITY
𝑎·1=𝑎
Examples:
1
2· =2
1
5· =5
TRICHOTOMY AXIOM
𝑎 < 𝑏 or 𝑎 = 𝑏 or 𝑎 > 𝑏
Examples:
2 < 5 or 3 = 3 or 6 > 4
Theorems
Theorems are statements
accepted after they are proven true
deductively. The axiomatic structure
of a mathematical system follows a
sequence, starting with a set of
undefined terms which are bases to
define terms, then axioms that are
clearly stated, and from these a
theorem is derived through
reasoning. Theorems are derived
FLOW ON HOW TO ARRIVE TO
THE THEOREMS
UNDEFINED
TERMS AND
AXIOMS THEOREMS
DEFINED
TERMS
ACTIVITY
--- Distributive Axiom
--- Multiplicative Identity
Axiom
--- Associative Axiom
--- Existence of Multiplicative
Inverse Axiom
--- Associative Axiom
ACTIVITY
Adding -2b to both sides
Existence of Additive Inverse
Adding 25 to both sides
Existence of Additive Inverse
Existence of Multiplicative
SUMMATIVE
TEST 1
answer in ½
sheet of paper
(CROSSWISE)
TEST I.
A.Directions: Fill in the blank using the correct terms
inside the box below.
Undefined terms defined
terms
axioms postulates
Undefined theorems
Terms Defined
Terms
Mathematical System
1._________ are terms that do not have concrete definition
but can be described. On the other hand,
Postulates 2.______ require
Axioms
definition. There are statements assumed to be true even
without proof whichTheorem
we called as axioms or postulates.
TEST II.
B. Directions: Tell whether each of the following
statements is true or false. Write TRUE if the
By commutative axiom, 4 + 𝑛 = 𝑛 + 4.
statement is correct and FALSE if it is not.
______2. (3 + 𝑎) + 2 = 3 + (𝑎 + 2) is a distributive
______1.
TRU
E
FALS
E
𝑎 𝑎
axiom.
TRU
E
FALS
______3.
E
The additive inverse is − .
______5. If 𝑥 < 𝑦, and 𝑦 < 𝑧, then 𝑥 < 𝑧 by
______4.
FALS The multiplicative inverse of −5 is 15.
E
symmetric axiom.
