Functions and Graphs

Objective
At the end of this lesson, you will understand……
1. The Cartesian coordinate system
2. Relations
3. Equations of straight lines
4. Functions and their graphs
5. The algebra of functions
6. Break even analysis and equilibrium market
7. Real-world applications
1.1 The Cartesian
Coordinate System

At the end of this lesson, you will understand……

• How to relate data using Ordered Pair (point).
• Represent a point using Cartesian Coordinate System
Ordered pair
Case study 1:
You want to buy some stationaries from a Bookstore. An eraser cost
RM3 and a pen cost RM2. You want to buy an eraser and some pens.
How much you have to pay in total for the following?
(a) 1 pen
(b) 5 pens
(c) 0 pen
(d) 7 pens
Point
From the calculation above, we know that,

(a) 1 pen, total payment = RM5

(b) 5 pens, total payment = RM13
(c) 0 pen, total payment = RM3
(d) 7 pens, total payment = RM17

Now, represent the data above in coordinates form

Point
Now, represent the data above in coordinates form :

(a) 1 pen, total payment = RM5

(b) 5 pens, total payment = RM13
(c) 0 pen, total payment = RM3
(d) 7 pens, total payment = RM17
Cartesian Coordinates System
We can plot
the points in
graphical
form.
Cartesian Coordinates System
Exercise 1.1
An electric utility company determines the monthly bill for a residential
customer by adding an energy charge of 10 cents per kilowatt hour to
its base charge of $16 per month.
a) Find the monthly bill for the usage of
i. 121 kilowatt hours
ii. 312 kilowatt hours
iii. 530 kilowatt hours
b) Plot the points on the graph
1.2 Relations and Functions

At the end of this lesson, you will understand……

• Definition of relations and Functions
• Represent a function using mathematical notation
Relations and Functions
Case study 1:
You want to buy some stationaries from a Bookstore. An eraser cost
RM3 and a pen cost RM2. You want to buy an eraser and some pens.
How much you have to pay in total for the following?

From Case study 1 we discuss previously, write down your calculation

(a) 1 pen

(b) 3 pens
(c) 0 pen
(d) 2 pens
Relations and Functions
Let y represent the total payment, and x represent the quantity of pen,

We can conclude that,

Relations and Functions
There are two sets of Data,

And the relation link between this two sets of data is

0 3
1 5
2 7
3 9
Relations and Functions
There are 4 types of relations

A function is a relation that

assigns one input to only
one output.

function
Relations and Functions
Function
𝑋𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=2 𝑥 +3𝑌
0 3
1 5
𝑥 2 7 𝑦
3 9

Input𝑦 =2 𝑥 + 3
Output

Relation is also called Equation

Relations and Functions
Exercise 1.2
An electric utility company determines the monthly bill for a residential
customer by adding an energy charge of 10 cents per kilowatt hour to
its base charge of $16 per month. Write an equation for the monthly
charge y in terms of x, the number of kilowatt-hours used.
Linear Equations / Linear Functions

At the end of this lesson, you will understand……

• The equation for a straight line
• Slope and intercepts of an equation
1.3 Linear Equations
Linear Equation is an equation of a straight line.

Case study 1:
You want to buy some stationaries from a Bookstore. An eraser cost
RM3 and a pen cost RM2. You want to buy an eraser and some pens.
Write the equation to represent the relation of total payment, and
number of pens, .
𝑦 =2 𝑥+ 3
Cartesian Coordinates System
We can plot
the points in
graphical
form.
Linear Equations

• Every pair of coordinates on the

line represent the possible
+ 3 number of pens and payment to
2 𝑥 be made.

𝑦 = • When all the points are joint.

We can see a straight line
represent the relation of and .
• The Equation to represent the
straight line is
Linear Equations
Exercise 1.3.1
An electric utility company determines the monthly bill for a residential
customer by adding an energy charge of 10 cents per kilowatt hour to
its base charge of $16 per month. Write an equation for the monthly
charge y in terms of x, the number of kilowatt-hours used. Use two
points to draw a graph for the equation.
Linear Equations
Exercise 1.3.2
The base rental for a car is RM150 per day. An additional RM2 is
charged for every kilometre travelled.

Find the following:

a) The total payment for a distance of km travelled.
b) The total payment for km travelled.
c) The equation of the straight line.
d) Use two points to plot the graph for distances less than km.
Linear Equations
Linear Equation can be written in the form of

Where
is slope or gradient
is y-intercept
Linear Equations
Example 1.3.1
Identify the slope and the y-intercept for the linear equation
a)
b)
1.4 Slope of an equation,

To find slope, we need two points.

Slope of an equation,
1.4 Slope of an equation,
Example 1.4.1
Find the slope of the straight line passing through (3, 1) and (5,-3).
1.4 Slope of an equation,
Case study 2:
A factory purchase a machine at the price of $42000. After 3 years the
price of the machine dropped to $30000.

Find the slope of the linear equation and interpret the meaning of the
slope.
1.5 Intercepts
Intercepts are the points when the
graphs intersect the axes.

is the value of , when the graph passes

through the -axis. To find the of the
graph of an equation, set in the
equation and solve for .
Intercepts
is the value of , when the graph
passes through the -axis. To find
the , set and solve for .
Intercepts
Case study 2:
A factory purchase a machine at the price of $42000. After 3 years the
price of the machine dropped to $30000.

Find the intercepts of the linear equation and interpret the meaning of
these intercepts.
1.6 Forming Linear Equation
Forming Linear Equation.
We need two points to find the equation of a straight line.

Example 1.6.1
Find the equation of the straight line that passes through the points
and .
Solution:
1.7 Sketching Graph of Linear
Equation
Sketching Graph

The graph of a linear equation is a

straight line.

When linear equation is given, we

need two points to sketch the
graph of a straight line.
1.7 Sketching Graph of Linear
Equation
Example 1.7.1
Sketch the graph for the equations
Label the intercepts.
1.8 Parallel Line

When two lines are

parallel, the slope of
these two line are equal.

Slopes are equal

1.8 Parallel Line
Example 1.8.1
Find the equation of the straight line that passes through the point and
parallel to the line .

𝑚1=𝑚2
1.9 Perpendicular Line
When two lines are
perpendicular, the
multiplication of the
slopes is -1.

perpendicular the angle

formed between two lines
is
1.9 Perpendicular Line
Example 1.8.1
Find the equation of the straight line that passes through the point and
perpendicular to the line .

𝑚1 𝑚2=− 1
1.10 Application of Linear Equation

At the end of this lesson, you will understand……

• the model of Revenue, Cost and Profit.
• the model of supply and demand.
1.10 Application of Linear Equation

• Revenue, Cost and Profit

• Supply and Demand
1.10.1 Revenue Functions
• Revenue is the income generated from business sales.
Revenue Functions
Example 1.10.1
You are selling T-shirt for World Cup 2022. The selling price for a T-shirt
is RM20. Find the total revenue if the sales quantity is,
a. 1 T-shirt
b. 35 T-shirt
c. 250 T-shirt
d. T-shirt
1.10.2 Cost Functions
• The cost is composed of two parts: fixed costs and variable costs.
• Fixed costs (FC), such as depreciation, rent, utilities, and so on, remain
constant regardless of the number of units produced.
• Variable costs (VC) are those directly related to the number of units
produced.

• The cost is found by using the equation

Cost Functions
Example 1.10.2
The fixed cost for your production is RM4000 per week. To produce one
T-shirt, the production cost is RM8. Calculate the cost to product
a. 35 T-shirt
b. 250 T-shirt
c. T-shirt
1.10.3 Profit Functions
• Profit is the different between the amount it receives from sales
(revenue) and its cost.
Profit Functions
Example 1.10.3
Find the profit for
a. 35 T-shirt
b. 250 T-shirt
c. T-shirt
1.10.4 Supply and Demand
Think about this situation:

If we have the limited resources…

From the perspective of buyer (demand)
Do you think many people willing to buy if the price is high?

Do you think many people willing to buy if the price is low?

1.10.4 Supply and Demand

Graph of Demand Functions

The law of demand says that,

At higher prices, buyers will demand less of an economic good.

1.10.4 Supply and Demand

Given that the price of a pound is $3.50 when 9000 pounds are demanded,
but when only 5000 pounds are demanded, the price rises to $5.50 per
pounds. Find the linear demand function.
1.10.4 Supply and Demand
Think about this situation:

If we have the limited resources…

From the perspective of seller (supply)
Do you think many people willing to sell if the price is
high?

Do you think many people willing to sell if the price is

low?
1.10.4 Supply and Demand

The law of supply says that, Graph of Supply Functions

At higher prices, sellers will supply more of an economic good.
1.10.4 Supply and Demand

Given that the price of a pound is $4.50 when 7000 pounds are supplied,
but when the price drop to $5.50 per pounds only 8000 pounds are
supplied,. Find the linear supply function.