Module 1d
Steady State Response of Purely
Resistive, Inductive and Capacitive
Elements to AC (Sinusoidal) Source
in Time Domain
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
I
The Lasallian
Prayer
“Let us remember
that we are in the holy presence of
God.”
8 April 2021 Prepared By: Electrical Engineering Committee 2
Ang Panalanging Lasalyano
“Ating alalahanin
na ang Diyos ay ating
kapiling.”
8 April 2021 Prepared By: Electrical Engineering Committee 3
“The Holy Ghost … shall teach you all things, and bring
all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said
unto you” (John 14:26).
Reflection:
What brings the Spirit into my life? into my home? into
my class? What drives Him away? How can I help class
members invite the Spirit into their gospel learning?
8 April 2021 Prepared By: Electrical Engineering Committee 4
Learning Outcome
At the end of this module, the student will be able to
Understand the time domain steady state response of pure resistance,
inductance and capacitance elements to AC (sinusoidal) source
Calculate voltage, current and power in pure R, L, and C circuits in gitme
domain.
8 April 2021 Prepared By: Electrical Engineering Committee 5
Introduction
By applying KVL, we can write the differential equation of the circuit with
sinusoidal (AC) source. This is composed of two parts, the complementary
solution (which we call the natural response) and the particular integral (or
forced response).
We are not yet interested in the short-lived transient or natural response of
the AC circuit at this point, but only in the long-term or “steady-state”
response.
The term steady-state response is used synonymously with forced response,
and the circuits we are about to analyze are commonly said to be in the
“sinusoidal steady state.”
Except for DC forcing functions, “steady state” does not mean “not
changing with time”; the sinusoidal steady-state response is definitely
changing with time; the steady state simply refers to the condition that is
reached after the transient or natural response has died out.
8 April 2021 Prepared By: Electrical Engineering Committee 6
Sample Steady-State Response of
Series RL Ckt to Sinusoidal (AC)
Source
Consider the series RL circuit shown.
After the sinusoidal source voltage has been
switched into the circuit at some remote
time in the past, and the natural response has
died out completely, the forced (or “steady-
state”) response, the differential equation,
obtained by writing KVL around the loop, must
be satisfied
vL + vR = vs(t)
or
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Sample Steady-State Response of
Series RL Ckt to Sinusoidal (AC)
Source
8 April 2021 Prepared By: Electrical Engineering Committee 10
Sample Steady-State Response of Series RL Ckt to
Sinusoidal (AC) Source
Since
And
Hence, the final expression for i(t) is
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Sample Steady-State Response of Series RL Ckt to
Sinusoidal (AC) Source
This example illustrates an important point: - solving even a simple one-loop
circuit containing one resistor and one inductor is very complicated in Time
Domain form
An easier and more practical approach is to establish a correspondence
between sinusoidal time functions (Time Domain) and complex numbers and
phasors (Frequency Domain).
This relationship leads to a set of algebraic equations for currents and voltages in
a network (e.g., loop currents or node voltages) in which the coefficients of the
variables are complex numbers.
We shall apply complex numbers and the concept of phasors to steady-state AC
circuit analysis later.
Steady-State Response of Pure Resistance Element to Sinusoidal
(AC) Source in Time Domain
The current response i(t) of Pure Resistance Element
v(t) = vR = iR(t)R i(t) = Imsinωt
iR (t) = v(t) = Vmsinωt = Vm sinωt =
R RImsinωt v(t) = Vmsinωt vR
R
where Im = V
Rm
vR
since Irms = Im = 0.707 Im
√2 iR(t)
and Vm = 0.707 Vm
Vrms =
√2
The current iR (t) flowing through a
then
Irms = Vrms pure resistance element is in-phase
R with the voltage vR across it
Steady-State Response of Pure Inductance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain
The resistance in AC circuit
Irms = Vrms
Irms
R = Vrms = Vm /Im = R ohms
Irms vR RΩ
Vrms
Sample Problem
1. For the circuit above, if R = 5Ω and iR =
12sin(ωt – 18˚)
A, determine VR and sketch the voltage and curent
waves.
Solution
Steady-State Response of Pure Resistance Element to Sinusoidal
(AC) Source in Time Domain
The Instantaneous Power, p(t)
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = (Vmsinωt)
( Imsinωt)
cos2ωt cos2ωt
cos2ωt
cos2ωt
T 0
cos2ωt
Steady-State Response of Pure Resistance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain p(t) =
VmIm
i(t)
8 April 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 21
Sample Problem
2. An incandescent lamp takes 4.8 kW load from 120 Vrms
AC
source. Calculate the following:
a) The total effective (rms) current
b) The max value of the current and voltage wave
c) The max value of instantaneous power
d) The equivalent resistance of the load
e) The sinusoidal voltage and current wave equations as a
function of time t given that the frequency is 60hz.
Sample Problem
Solution:
Steady-State Response of Pure Inductance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain
The current response i(t) of Pure Inductance Element
v(t) = vL = LdiL(t)/dt
L m m
vL
iL(t)
v(t) = Vmsinωt vL
The current iL(t) flowing through a
pure inductance element is lagging
the voltage vL across it
Steady-State Response of Pure Inductance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain
The inductive reactance X in AC circuit
L
Irms = Vrms
ωL
Irms
ωL = XL = Vrms = Vm / Im ohms
Irms vL XL Ω
Vrms
XL = ωL = 2πfL ohms
Sample Problem
1. The voltage across a 0.2-H inductance is
vL =
100sin(400t+70˚)V. Determine iL and sketch it.
Solution
Sample Problem
2. The current through a 0.01-H inductance is iL =
20sin(ωt –
50˚) A and f = 60 Hz. Determine vL.
Solution
Steady-State Response of Pure Inductance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain
The Instantaneous Power p(t)
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = (Vmsinωt)(-Imcosωt) = -VmImsinωtcosωt
= -VmIm( 1 sin2ωt) = -VmImsin2ωt
2 2
p(t) = -VrmsIrmssin2ωt W
The Average Power
0
T
Pave = -VrmsIrmssin2ωt =0
0
0
Steady-State Response of Pure Inductance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain
Vm
p(t) = -VrmsIrmssin2ωt
+Pm = +VrmsIrms
v(t)
Im
i(t)
-Im
-Pm = -VrmsIrms
Steady-State Response of Pure Inductance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain
Energy Delivered by AC Source to the Inductor
Energy is delivered by the source to the inductor and stored in
the magnetic field during the positive half cycle of the power
wave.
The sored energy is then released and returned to the source
during the negative half cycle of the power wave.
Ideally, the net energy exchange is zero, but in actual there is
energy expended/used during the exchanges.
Steady-State Response of Pure Inductance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain
The differential energy is given by
dW = p(t)dt = -VrmsIrmssin2ωt .dt
Integrating from π/2 to π rad (1 quarter of the current
π
cycle)
ʃdW ʃ
= -VrmsIrmssin2ωtdt
W = -VrmsIrms (-cos2ωt)
π/2
]
π/2
= Vrms
π Irms (1+1)
2ω 2ω
but
Vrms = Irms XL = Irms ωL
*The stored energy during one
quarter of the current cycle is
W = (Irms ωL) Irms equal to the inductance in
ω henry and the square of the
W = L(Irms)2 effective current in ampere
joules
Sample Problem
3. An inductance of 0.106 H is connected to 120 V, 60-cycle
source. Calculate the following:
a) The inductive reactance
b) The effective (rms) circuit current
c) The average power taken by the inductor
d) The maximum power delivered by the inductor or
returned to the source.
e) The sinusoidal voltage, current wave and instantaneous
power equations.
Sample Problem
Solution:
a) XL = ωL = 2πfL = 2π (60)(0.016) = 40 Ω
b) Irms = Vrms / XL = 120 / 40 = 3 A
c) Pave = 0 W
c) p(t)max = VrmsIrms = (120)(3) = 360W
e) ω = 2πf = 2π x 60 = 377 rad/sec; 2ω = 754 rad/sec
Vm = √2 (120) = 169.70 V; = √2 (3) = 4.24 A
Irms
i(t)
v(t) = V=msinωt
Imsin(ωt-90 0) = 4.24 sin(377t-900)
= 169.70sin377t V
A
or i(t) = -Imcosωt = - 4.24 cos377t A
p(t) = -VrmsIrmssin2ωt = -360sin754t W
Sample Problem
4.When a 117-V, 60-cycle source is connected to an
inductor, the current is 3.9 A, determine the energy stored in
the inductor between:
a) ωt1 = π/2 and ωt2 = π
b) ωt1 = π/4 and ωt2 =3π/4
c) ωt1 = π/4 and ωt2 = π
Sample Problem
Solution
XL = Vrms / Irms
= 117 / 3.9 = 30 Ω
XL = ωL; L = XL / ω
= 30 /(2π)(60)
= 0.0796 H
W = L(Irms)2
a) bet ωt1 = π/2 and ωt2 = π:
W = (0.0796)(3.9)2] = 1.21 J
b) bet ωt1 = π/4 and ωt2 =3π/4:
W = -[(0.0796)(3.9) 2/2] +
[(0.0796)(3.9) 2/2] = 0
J
Steady-State Response of Pure Capacitance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain
The current response i(t) of Pure Capacitance Element
v(t) = vC = q iC (t) = Imcosωt = Imsin(ωt+900)
C vC
ic(t)
q = C v(t) = CVm sinωt
v(t) = Vmsinωt vC
The current iC(t) flowing through a
pure inductance element is leading
the voltage vC across it
Steady-State Response of Pure Capacitance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain
The capacitive reactance X in AC circuit
C
Irms = ωCVrms
1 = XC = Vrms = Vm / Im ohms Irms
ωC
Irms
vC XC Ω
Vrms
XC = 1 = 1 ohms
ωC
2πfC
Sample Problem
1. The voltage across a 10-μF capacitance is vC =
100sin(ωt - 40˚) V and f = 1000 Hz. Determine
iC and sketch its waveform.
Solution
Sample Problem
2.The current through a 0.1-μF capacitance is iC =
5sin(1000t
+ 120˚) mA. Determine vC.
Solution
Steady-State Response of Pure Capacitance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain
The Instantaneous Power p(t)
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = (Vmsinωt)(Imcosωt) = VmImsinωtcosωt
= VmIm( 1 sin2ωt) = VmImsin2ωt
2 2
p(t) = VrmsIrmssin2ωt W
The Average Power
0
T
Pave = VrmsIrmssin2ωt =0
0
0
Steady-State Response of Pure Capacitance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain V m
+Pm = +VrmsIrms
Im v(t)
i(t)
p(t) = VrmsIrmssin2ωt
-Im
-Pm = -VrmsIrms
Steady-State Response of Pure Capacitance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain
Energy Delivered by AC Source to the Capacitor
Energy is stored in an electric filed as the capacitor is charged
during the positive half cycle of the power wave.
The stored energy is returned to the source during the
discharge in the negative half cycle of the power wave.
Ideally, the net energy exchange is zero, but in actual there is
energy expended/used during the charge and discharging.
Steady-State Response of Pure Capacitance
Element to Sinusoidal (AC) Source in Time
Domain
The differential energy is given by
dW = p(t)dt = VrmsIrmssin2ωtdt
Integrating from π/2 to π rad (1 quarter of the current
π
cycle)
ʃdW ʃ
= VrmsIrmssin2ωtdt
W = VrmsIπ/2
rms (-cos2ωt) ]
π/2
= -Vrms
π Irms (-1-1)
2ω 2ω
but
Irms = Vrms /XC = Vrms ωC
*The stored energy during one
quarter of the current cycle is
W = (Vrms ωC) Vrms equal to the capacitance in
ω farad and the square of the
W = C(Vrms)2 joules effective voltage in volts
Sample Problem
3. A 127 µF capacitor is connected to 125 V, 50-cycle source.
Calculate the following:
a) The capacitive reactance
b) The effective (rms) circuit current
c) The average power taken by the capacitor
d) The maximum power delivered by the capacitor or
returned to the source.
e) The sinusoidal voltage, current wave and instantaneous
wave equations.
Sample Problem
Solution:
a) Xc =1/ ωC = 1/2πfC = 1/2π (50)(127x10-6) = 25 Ω
b) Irms = Vrms / Xc = 125 / 25 = 5 A
c) Pave = 0 W
c) p(t)max = VrmsIrms = (125)(5) = 625W
e) ω = 2πf = 2π x 50 = 314 rad/sec; 2ω = 628 rad/sec
Vm = √2 (125) = 176.78 V; = √2 (5) = 7.07 A
Irms
i(t)
v(t) = V=msinωt
Imsin(ωt+90 0) = 7.07
= 176.78sin314t V
sin(377t+900)
A
or i(t) = Imcosωt = 7.07 cos377t A
Sample Problem
4.The current in circuit is 1.96 A when a capacitor
is connected to a 250-V, 50-cycle source.
a) Write the current and power equations
b)Determine the energy stored in the capacitor during
the half positive alternation of the power wave.
Solution:
a) i(t) = Imsin(ωt+900) = (1.96)(√2)sin(314t+900)
p(t) = VrmsIrmssin2ωt = (250)(1.96)sin628t
b) XC = Vrms /Irms = 1/ωC
C = Irms /ωVrms = (1.96)/(314)(250) = 25x10-6 farad
W = C(Vrms)2 = (25x10-6)(250)2 = 1.56 joules
END OF
PRESENTATION
ONE HEART.
ONE COMMITMENT.
ONE LIFE.
1719 – 2019
#300LaSalle
The Lasallian
Prayer
“I will continue, O my God,
to do all my actions for the love of
Thee.”
Saint John Baptist de La Salle, pray for
us.
Live Jesus in our hearts, forever.
8 April 2021 Prepared By: Electrical Engineering Committee 50
Ang Panalanging Lasalyano
“Ipagpapatuloy ko, O
Diyos, ang lahat ng aking
gawain
upang Ikaw ay lalong
pakaibigin.”
San Juan Bautista de La Salle, ipanalangin mo kami.
Hesus, manahan ka sa aming puso,
magpakailanman.
8 April 2021 Prepared By: Electrical Engineering Committee 51
