통신이론
Chapter 3 – Basic modulation
techniques
(Linear modulation)
1
• Meaning of modulation
– Mapping of information bearing signal
(message signal) to transmit signal
– Frequency translation (shift) of an infor-
mation bearing signal to a new spectral
location
• Meaning of demodulation
– Recovering the message signal from the
received modulated signal
2
• Types of analog modulation
– Continuous wave modulation
– Pulse modulation
• Continuous wave modulation
– Message signal can be applied to the ampli-
tude or phase of a carrier signal
• Analog pulse modulation
– Sampled message waveform is mapped to
amplitude, position, width of a pulse
3
Contents
• Double sideband modula-
tion
• Amplitude modulation
• Hilbert Transform
• Single sideband modulation
• Vestigial sideband modulation
• Frequency translation and mixing
4
Double-sideband modula-
tion
• DSB modulation
– Amplitude of a carrier signal A(t) is pro-
portional to the message signal m(t)
• Demodulation of DSB modulated sig-
nal LPF
5
• DSB modulator/demodulator
Lower side- Upper side-
band band
6
• Demodulation of DSB modulated signal shall be
performed with synchronous carrier signal
– Tx/rx carriers shall be phase coherent : the phase of two
carrier signals must be the same
– Requires phase matching circuit at the receiver phase-
lock loop
Coherent demodulation
• Impact of phase error on the demodulated signal
– Demodulation with
• Generation of phase coherent demodulation car-
rier
– Squaring and bandpass filtering followed by frequency
divider
7
• Power efficiency of DSB modulation
– If m(t) has no DC components, all the message signal
power lies in the two sidebands
– 100% power efficiency
– Called suppressed carrier system DSB-SC
– If there is spectral component at the carrier frequency,
we don’t need to use phase coherent demodulating car-
rier at the receiver call it amplitude modulation (AM)
8
Contents
• Double sideband modulation
• Amplitude modulation
• Hilbert Transform
• Single sideband modulation
• Vestigial sideband modulation
• Frequency translation and mixing
9
Amplitude modulation
• Generation of AM signal
– Add a dc bias A to message signal m(t)
• Assume that m(t) has no dc component
– Multiply carrier signal coswct
• Ac = AAc’
• mn(t) : normalized message signal (minimum value is -1)
• a : modulation index
10
Envelope repre-
sents the message
signal
11
• Demodulation of AM signal
– Coherent demodulation is possible but complicated
– Envelope of the AM signal represents the message signal
with dc bias detection of the envelope of the AM signal
reveals the message signal simple envelope detector
receiver
fc >> W
12
• Impact of modulation index, a, on AM demodula-
tion
a=0.5
a=1.0 ‘a’ must be
less than 1
a=1.5
13
• Power efficiency considerations
– The power in the added dc bias on the AM signal :
wasted power in terms of information transfer good for
simple receiver implementation
– AM can not be applied to power-limited applications
– Define power efficiency
• Power in the message signal / power in the transmitted signal
– Total power in transmitted signal
Power in the message
signal
– Power efficiency
14
– For rectangular pulse type message signal
• Maximum power efficiency is 50% at a=1
– For sinusoidal message signal
• Maximum power efficiency is 33.3% at a=1
– If a is greater than 1, the power efficiency can be in-
creased but simple envelope detector can not be used
for the AM demodulation
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17
Contents
• Double sideband modulation
• Amplitude modulation
• Hilbert Transform
• Single sideband modulation
• Vestigial sideband modulation
• Frequency translation and mixing
18
Definition
• Consider a filter
– Phase shifts all frequency components of its input by –
p/2
– Then the transfer function becomes
• Filtering with the filter
– Input spectrum
– Output spectrum
– Output signal can be obtained by inverse Fourier trans-
form
19
• Derivation of h(t) by approximation
• Filter output
Hilbert trans-
form
Applying Hilbert transform twice : phase
shifts -p 20
21
Properties
Odd function of frequency and integrate to
zero
22
23
Analytic signals
• Hilbert transform is used to define analytic sig-
nal xp(t) in terms of the real signal x(t) :
• Envelope of a signal : magnitude of the analytic
signal xp(t) (defined mathematically)
24
• Spectrum of the analytic signal
25
Complex envelope representation
of bandpass signals
Complex enve-
lope
26
Let
27
Contents
• Double sideband modulation
• Amplitude modulation
• Hilbert Transform
• Single sideband modula-
tion
• Vestigial sideband modulation
• Frequency translation and mixing
28
Single-sideband modulation
• For real message signal m(t), only one sideband
is enough to transfer information due to complex
conjugate symmetric property of the message
signal spectrum single sideband modulation
(SSB)
• Illustration of generating SSB signal by sideband
filtering
29
• Generation of SSB-LSB
Signal spectrum Sideband filter
30
– Lower sideband SSB spectrum
31
SSB-LSB signal be-
comes
32
• HW #3
– Develop the SSB-USB signal and show
that it becomes
33
• Phase shift modulator implementation of SSB
34
• Alternative derivation of SSB signal based on ana-
lytic signal concept
– Positive frequency portion of the message signal
– Negative frequency portion of the message signal
35
– Upper sideband SSB signal
– Inverse Fourier transform yields
-
2cos(2pfct j2sin(2pfct
) )
36
– Lower sideband SSB signal
– Inverse Fourier transform yields
2cos(2pfct j2sin(2pfct
) )
37
• Demodulation of SSB signal
– Coherent demodulator with carrier phase error
Crosstalk interfer-
ence
38
• Demodulation with carrier reinsertion
– Envelope of e(t)
– If K is large enough to satisfy
– The envelope detector output becomes
Reinserted carrier must be phase coherent with the modulation 39
carrier
[remark on the envelope derivation]
40
Contents
• Double sideband modulation
• Amplitude modulation
• Hilbert Transform
• Single sideband modulation
• Vestigial sideband modu-
lation
• Frequency translation and mixing
41
Vestigial sideband modula-
tion
42
• Advantage of VSB over SSB
– VSB signal : a small portion of spectrum (vestige) is
added to SSB spectrum (a little bit more spectrum than
SSB)
– No need to use sharp cutoff filter
– Message signal can incorporate dc component
• VSB signal generation
– Message signal
– DSB signal from the message
– After VSB filtering
43
• Demodulation of VSB signal
– Coherent demodulation
– Envelope detection of VSB signal is also possible
HW #4 : perform the envelope detection for VSB signal
by carrier insertion
44
45
46
47
Contents
• Double sideband modulation
• Amplitude modulation
• Hilbert Transform
• Single sideband modulation
• Vestigial sideband modulation
• Frequency translation and
mixing
48
Frequency translation and mixing
• Frequency translation of bandpass signal
– Change the center frequency to new one
– Multiplying the bandpass signal with a sinuosoidal signal
– Called ‘mixing’
Mixer
49
• Example of frequency translation application
50
• Frequency translation example
– Bandpass signal
– Translation target frequency : w2
– Multiplying signal Can be removed by
– Result of the multiplication BPF
• Problems with the mixer
– Unwanted signal in different frequency can be translated
to the same target frequency
– Unwanted signal
– Frequency translated unwanted signal
Image frequency of the de-
sired frequency w1
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