Complex
Numbers
Lesson 1
By Carlos Hortinela IV
Complex Numbers
IMAGINARY NUMBER
- It is a real number with an imaginary operator j or i.
Examples:
j5, 6j, i8, 8i
Where:
Complex Numbers
COMPLEX NUMBER
-It is a combination of a real number and an
imaginary number.
Examples:
5 + j2, 6 – i8, 2 + 2j, 7 – 9i, 4 35, 3 e j 0.5
Complex Numbers
Argand Plane + imaginary
x
A ( x, y )
( z, o)
Z
y
- real + real
- imaginary
Complex Plane
Complex Numbers
FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
A. Rectangular Form (x, y)
Z = x + jy
where :
x = real quantity
y = imaginary quantity
Complex Numbers
B. Polar Form
Z = A
Where:
A = magnitude
= angle with respect to the positive x
axis in degrees.
Note: is positive when measured counter clockwise
and negative when measured clockwise with respect
to the positive real axis.
Complex Numbers
C. Exponential Form
Z = A e j
where:
A = magnitude
= angle in radians
Note:
in degrees = / 1800
Complex Numbers
D. Trigonometric Form
Z = A ( cos + j sin )
Z = A cos + j A sin
where:
A = magnitude
= angle in degrees
Complex Numbers
Euler’s Equation:
A cos + j A sin = A e j
Coordinate Conversion
Rectangular form to Polar form
Z = x + jy A
Complex Numbers
Euler’s Equation:
A cos + j A sin = A e j
Coordinate Conversion
Polar form to Rectangular form
Z = A x + jy
x = A cos
y = A sin
TITLE
COMPLEX ALGEBRA
I. Addition / Subtraction
Rectangular Form
A = x + jy ; B = a + jb
Complex Numbers
COMPLEX ALGEBRA
I. Addition / Subtraction
Polar Form
X = A 1 ; Y = B 2
X = A cos 1 + j A sin 1; Y = B cos 2 + j B sin 2
X + Y =(A cos 1 + B cos 2)+ j (A sin 1 + B sin 2)
Complex Numbers
II. Multiplication
Rectangular Form
A = x + jy ; B = a + jb
FOIL method
A x B = (x + jy) x (a + jb)
A x B = ax + jbx + jay + j2 by
A x B = ( ax - by ) + j( ay + bx )
Complex Numbers
II. Multiplication
Polar Form
X = A 1 ; Y = B 2
X Y = A B ( 1 + 2 )
Complex Numbers
III. Division
Rectangular Form
A = x + jy ; B = a + jb
Complex Numbers
III. Division
Polar Form
X = A 1 ; Y = B 2
X = A 1 = A / B 1- 2
Y B 2
Complex Numbers
IV. Powers and Roots
A. Real Power and Real Roots
Real Powers
( A )n = An n
= ( A e j / 180 ) n
= ( An e j / 180 n )
= ( An /180 n 180/ )
= An n
Complex Numbers
Real Roots
n
( A ) = n A ( /n )
= ( A e j / 180 ) 1/n
= ( A 1/n e j / 180 1/n )
= ( A 1/n /180 1/n 180/ )
Complex Numbers
B. Complex powers and Complex Roots
Complex Powers
( A ) x + jy = R
= ( A e j / 180 ) x + jy
= ( e lnA e j / 180 ) x + jy
= ( e lnA + j / 180 ) x + jy
= ( e xlnA + jx / 180 + jylnA + j^2 y / 180 )
= ( e ( xlnA - y / 180 ) + j ( ylnA + x / 180 ) )
Complex Numbers
B. Complex powers and Complex Roots
Complex Powers
( A ) x + jy = R
= ( e ( xlnA - y / 180 ) + j ( ylnA + x / 180 ) )
= ( e ( xlnA - y / 180 ) e j ( ylnA + x / 180 ) )
= R e j
R = e ( xlnA - y / 180 )
= ( ylnA + x / 180 ) 180 /
Complex Numbers
Complex Roots
= (A e j / 180) 1 / ( x + jy )
= (e lnA e j / 180) 1 / ( x + jy )
= (e lnA + j / 180) 1 / ( x + jy )
= (e ( lnA + j / 180 ) / ( x + jy )) ( x - jy / x - jy )
= (e{( xlnA + j x / 180 ) - ( jy lnA + j^2 y / 180 )} /{ x^2 – j^2 y^2 })
Complex Numbers
Complex Roots
x + jy
( A ) = S
= (e{( xlnA + j x / 180 ) - ( jy lnA + j^2 y / 180 )} /{ x^2 – j^2 y^2 })
= (e(xlnA - y / 180)/(x^2 + y^2) e j (- ylnA + x / 180)/(x^2+y^2))
= S e j
S = e { (x ln A + y / 180) / (x^2 + y^2) }
= {(- ylnA + x / 180)/(x2+y2)} 180/
Complex Numbers
V. Logarithm and Natural Logarithm
A. Logarithm of a complex number
= Log ( A )
= Log ( A e j / 180 )
= Log A + Log e j / 180
= Log A + j / 180 Log e
= Log A + j / 180 0.4343
Complex Numbers
B. Natural Logarithm of a complex number
= Ln ( A )
= Ln ( A e j / 180 )
= Ln A + Ln e j / 180
= Ln A + j / 180 Ln e
= Ln A + j / 180 1
Complex Numbers
C. Logarithm of a negative real number
= Log ( - N )
= Log ( N 180 )
= Log N + j 180 / 180 Log e
= Log N + j 0.4343
Complex Numbers
D. Natural Logarithm of a negative real number
= Ln ( - N )
= Ln ( N 180 )
= Ln N + j 180 / 180 Ln e
= Ln N + j 1
Complex Numbers
Examples:
Evaluate the following complex numbers
1. (1 + j2) + (-3 – j6)
2. (3 20) (2 60)
3. 200 135 + 45 e j 3 / 8 – (28 + j 35)
4. (1 – j)2 + (2 + j)2
5. e 1.477 + j1.224
6. (5 + j3)/(3 – j)
Complex Numbers
Examples:
Evaluate the following complex numbers
7. [(-6 – j8)(Ln 6 80)(2e j / 4)]/[(16 60)1/2(3 15)2
8. (3 + j4) (5+ j2)
9. 3 (-4 – j)
10. (3+j2) (4 + j5)
Complex Numbers
TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Based from Euler’s Equation:
A e j = A cos + j A sin
Let : A = 1 and = x
Then,
e j x = cos x + j sin x 1
e - j x = cos x - j sin x 2
solving for sin x : 1 - 2
e j x - e - j x = 2 j sin x
Complex Numbers
TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
solving for sin x : 1 - 2
e j x - e - j x = 2 j sin x
solving for cos x : 1 + 2
e j x + e - j x = 2 cos x
Complex Numbers
TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
if x = jx then,
Complex Numbers
Fundamental Identities
sech u = 1 / cosh u
csch u = 1 / sinh u
tanh u = sinh u / cosh u
coth u = cosh u / sinh u
coth u = 1 / tanh u
cosh2 u – sinh2 u = 1
1 – tanh2 u = sech2 u
Complex Numbers
Hyperbolic functions expressed in exponential form
Complex Numbers
Trigonometric functions of Real and Complex numbers
sin ( - ) = - sin
cos ( - ) = cos
sinh ( - ) = - sinh
cosh ( - ) = cosh
sin j = j sinh
sinh j = j sin
jcos = cosh j
jcosh = cos j
Complex Numbers
Trigonometric functions of Real and Complex numbers
sin ( x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
sin ( x - y ) = sin x cos y - cos x sin y
cos ( x + y ) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y
cos ( x - y ) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
sin ( x + jy ) = sin x cosh y + j cos x sinh y
sin ( x - jy ) = sin x cosh y – j cos x sinh y
cos ( x + jy ) = cos x cosh y – j sin x sinh y
cos ( x - jy ) = cos x cosh y + j sin x sinh y
Complex Numbers
Trigonometric functions of Real and Complex numbers
sinh ( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
sinh ( x - y ) = sinh x cosh y - cosh x sinh y
cosh ( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
cosh ( x - y ) = cosh x cosh y - sinh x sinh y
sinh ( x + jy ) = sinh x cos y + j cosh x sin y
sinh ( x - jy ) = sinh x cos y – j cosh x sin y
cosh ( x + jy ) = cosh x cos y + j sinh x sin y
cosh ( x - jy ) = cosh x cos y - j sinh x sin y
Complex Numbers
Trigonometric functions of Real and Complex
numbers
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos2 x - sin2 x
cos 2x = 1 - 2 sin2 x
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x - 1
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
cosh 2x = cosh2 x - sinh2 x
Complex Numbers
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
