SETS

ELAINE C. RICOHERMOS_LPT
 COMPLEX NUMBERS

REAL IMAGINARY

IRRATIONAL RATIONAL

INTEGERS
FRACTONS

WHOLE NUMBERS NEGATIVE

NATURAL(POSITIVE) ZERO
SETS

A well-defined collection of distinct objects

and is denoted by an uppercase letter.

Example:
 Set of freshmen college students taking GNED 03
 Setof rainbow colors
Set of planets in the solar system
Element or Member
an object that belongs to a set
usually denoted by lower case letter
the symbol “∈” denotes a membership while “∉” denotes
non- membership to a set.
 x ∈ A, read as x is an element of A.

1 ∈ AS
Example: A = {1,2,3,4} 5∉A
ELEMENTSS
 WAYS OF DESCRIBING A SET
Roster or Tabular method - method in which the
elements in the given set are listed or enumerated,
separated by a comma, inside a pair or braces.
Rule or Descriptive method - method in which
the common characteristics of the elements are
defined. This method uses set builder notation
where x is used to represent any element of the
given set.
Example

The distinct letters in the word “mathematics”

Let A be the set of distinct letters of the word
“mathematics”

Roster form: A = {m, a, t, h, e, i, c, s}

Rule form: A = { is the distinct letter of the
word “mathematics”}
Example
The colors of the rainbow
Let B be the set of the colors of the rainbow

Roster form:B = {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet}

Rule form: B = { is the color of the rainbow}
Example
An even prime number
Let C be the set of the even prime number

Roster form: C = {2}

Rule form: C = { is an even prime number }
 TYPES OF SET
1. Empty/Null/Void Set
2. Finite Set
3. Infinite Set
4. Universal Set
 TYPES OF SET
1. Empty/Null/Void Set – set that has no elements, denoted
by Ø or { } with no element inside.

Example:
The set of numbers in the English Alphabet

Roster form: D = { }
Rule form : D = { x|x is a number in the English alphabet }
TYPES OF SET
2. Finite Set - a set with countable number of elements.

Example:
The set of letters in the English Alphabet
Let E be the set of letters in the English Alphabet

Roster form: E = { a,b,c,d,e,……..z}

Rule form: E = { x|x is a letter in the English alphabet}
 TYPES OF SET
3.Infinite Set – a set that has uncountable number of
elements.

Example:
The set of counting numbers
Let F be the set of counting numbers.

Roster form: F = { 1,2,3,4,5………..}

Rule form: F = { x|x is a counting number}
TYPES OF SET
4. Universal Set - the totality of all the elements of
the sets under consideration, denoted by U.

Example:
The set of real numbers.

Rule form: U = { x|x is a real number}

RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS

1. Equal Sets
2. Equivalent Sets
3. Joint Sets
4. Disjoint Sets
 RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS
1. Equal sets – sets with same elements
Example:
Let A = {x|x is the distinct letter of the word “dear”}
Let B = {x|x is the distinct letter of the word “read”}
A = { a, d, e, r }
B = { a, d, e, r }

Since both sets have the same elements a, d, e, r, therefore sets A and B are equal sets,
denoted by A = B.
 RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS
2. Equivalent sets – sets with same number of
elements
Example:
Let C = {x|x is a neither positive nor negative integer}
Let D = {x|x is an even primeSince
number}
C = { 0 } and D = { 2 }, wherein both
C and D have only one element; then, C is
C={0} equivalent to D, denoted by C ~ D or by C
↔D
D={2}
Equal sets are equivalent sets, however, not all equivalents sets are equal sets.
 RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS
3. Joint sets – sets with at least one common element
Example:
Let E = {x|x is the set of positive factors of 4}
Let F = {x|x is the set of positive factors of 9}
E = { 1, 2, 4 }
F = { 1, 3, 9 }

Since element 1 can be found both in sets E and F, then these sets are said to be joint sets.
 RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS
4. Disjoint sets – sets that have no common
element.
Example:
Let G = {x|x is the set of even numbers}
Let H = {x|x is the set of odd numbers}
G = { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 … }
Since no even numberH
is =
an{ odd
1, 3, 5, 7, 9and
number …vice
} versa, then sets G and H
are disjoint sets
 SUBSETS
Set wherein every element of which can be found on the second set.
The symbol ⊂ means “ a subset of” while the symbol ⊄ means “not
a subset of”
1. Proper subset
- contains at least one element from the main set
- denoted by a symbol ⊂
2. Improper subset
- set itself and a null set
-denoted by a symbol ⊆
EXAPMLE:
U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

IMPROPE
A={3,4,5} PROPER D={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} R

B={1,2,6,8,9,10} PROPER E={ } IMPROPER

C= {4} PROPER
POWER SETS
 set containing all the subsets of the
given set with n number of elements
 with number of subsets, where n is
the number of elements.
Example.
Let T = {x∣x is the first three letter in English alphabet}
T = {a, b, c,}
= = 8 subsets.
Let P be the power set, thus
P = {{a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c}, T, Ø }

Sets {a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c} are proper

Set T itself and Ø are the
subsets of T
improper subsets
{a} ⊂ T { c} ⊂ T
{a,c} ⊂ T
T⊆T
Ø⊆T
{b} ⊂ T {a,b} ⊂ T
{b,c} ⊂ T
OPERATIONS ON SETS

1. UNION of sets
2. INTERSECTION of sets
3. DIFFERENCE of sets
4. COMPLEMENT of Sets
OPERATIONS ON SETS
1. UNION OF SETS A and B (denoted by A U B) - set
whose elements are found in A or B or in both

Example. Let A = {a, b, c, d}

B = {c, d, e}

Then A U B = {a, b, c, d, e}
OPERATIONS ON SETS
2. INTERSECTION of sets A and B (denoted by A ∩ B) –
set whose elements are common to both sets

Example. Let A = {a, b, c, d}

B = {c, d, e}

Then A ∩ B = {c, d}
OPERATIONS ON SETS
3. DIFFERENCE of sets A and B (denoted by A - B) – set
whose elements are found in set A but not in set B.

Example. Let A = {a, b, c, d}

B = {c, d, e}

Then A - B = {a, b}
OPERATIONS ON SETS
4. COMPLEMENT OF Set A (denoted by A’) – the set of
elements found in the universal set but not in set A.
Example. Let U = {a, b, c, d, e}
A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {c, d, e}
Then A’ = {e}
B’ = {a,b} B
Let’s try
this!
Given the following the set;

U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13} AUC =?
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12} A = {1,5,9,11,13}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
C = {1,4,5,9,12}

AUC= {1,4,5,9,11,12,13}
Let’s try
this!
Given the following the set;

U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13} B∩D =?
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12} B = {2,4,6,8,12}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
B∩D = {2,6,8,12}
Let’s try
this!
Given the following the set; A-C =?
U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13}
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
C = {1,4,5,9,12} C = {1,4,5,9,12}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}

A- C = {11, 13}
Let’s try
this!
Given the following the set;

U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13} A’ =?
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12} U={1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
A={1,5,9,11,13}

A’ = {2,4,6,8,12}
Let’s try
this!
Given the following the set;

U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13} C’ =?
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12} U={1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13}
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13}
C={1,4,5,9,12}

C’ = {2,6,8,11,13}
Let’s try
this!
(AUB) ∩ (A – C) =?
Given the following the set; AUB
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
U = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13} B = {2,4,6,8,12}
A = {1,5,9,11,13}
AUB = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13}
B = {2,4,6,8,12}
C = {1,4,5,9,12} A–C
D = {2,6,8,11,12,13} A = {1,5,9,11,13}
C = {1,4,5,9,12}
A-C = { 11,13}
{1,2,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13} ∩{11,13}
(AUB) ∩ (A – C) = {11,13}
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING ! 