SJUCET – EECE Dept.
LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
053 EC 54
• Unit 2 – Applications of OPAMP &
Special ICs
Lecture 2-1: Applications– Pt. 1
By DAVID JUMA, BSc.
EECE Department
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJUCET – EECE Dept. Analogy and digital electronics
Lecture 2-1: Outline
Applications of OPAMP
1 - Comparator & Zero Crossing Detector
2 - Schmitt Trigger
Juma, BSc.:
3 - Integrator
4 - Differentiator
Mr. David
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Introduction
The basic comparator operates in open
loop configuration.
Depending upon the comparison of the
inputs
two applied to produces
output the op-amp, it which saturation
voltage (+V ) or negative
is sateither saturation voltage
positive
(-Vsat).
This is because the open loop gain of an
op- amp is very large.
(In order to know the Vsat of Opamp you
are using refer to its datasheet.)
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Introduction
A comparator is a circuit which compares a
signal applied at one input of an ap-amp with
a known reference voltage at the other input,
and then producing either a HIGH or a LOW
output voltage, depending on which one is
greater.
Since output of the comparator is of two
voltage levels, either HIGH or LOW, hence it is
not linearly proportional to the input voltage.
This is non-linear application of op-amp
.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
1. Basic Non-inverting Comparator
If Vin > Vref (+Vsat) i.e. Vo ~ +Vcc
If Vin < Vref (-Vsat) i.e. Vo ~ -VEE
The two possible
output levels are
+Vsat & -Vsat
This type of
Comparator is called
as Saturation type
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
1. Basic Non-inverting Comparator
.
.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
Comparator Reference Voltages
.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
1. Basic Non-inverting Comparator
.
.
N.B: In the above circuit we have assumed the two Resistances to be equal i.e.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
1. Basic Non-inverting Comparator
Transfer Characteristics:
It is the Graph of Vin vs Vout.
Since AOL (open loop gain) is very large then for very
small positive or negative Vin, the output saturates.
Therefore at Vin =0, the transfer characteristics
is almost a straight line
For 741C op-amp, AOL is 100000 and Vsat is 13.5V for
supply of 15V.
So 135μV can saturate the output
.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
1. Basic Non-inverting Comparator
Transfer Characteristics:
.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
1. Basic Non-inverting Comparator
Transfer Characteristics:
b a
.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
1. Basic Non-inverting Comparator
The point at which the transfer characteristics
is straight line is called a Trip point.
So Trip point is the input Voltage at which the
output changes its states from LOW to HIGH or
HIGH to LOW.
In basic Comparator the trip point is Zero since
at Vin = 0 the output changes its state
.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
1. Basic Non-inverting Comparator
Key Points:
When Vin > Trip point, the output is HIGH
When Vin < Trip Point, the output is LOW.
Since this change occurs at Vin = 0, so the basic
comparator can be used to detect occurrence of zero
in the input voltage. Hence this circuit is called Zero
Crossing Detector i.e. It is a non-inverting
comparator circuit with Vref = 0V
But in practice it is possible to change the trip point
from zero to other voltage.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
1. Basic Non-inverting Comparator
Moving a Trip Point:
Trip point can be moved or shifted when we apply
some voltage (Vref) at the inverting input rather
grounding it.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
1. Basic Non-inverting Comparator
Moving a Trip Point:
1. Positive Trip Point
Now,
When Vin < Vref Vo = -Vsat
When Vin > Vref Vo = +Vsat
Thus, the trip point is moved from Vin=0 to Vin=Vref due to
the reference voltage applied to the inverting terminal
Bypass Capacitor is used to reduce the amount of
power ripple and noise appearing at the inverting input
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
1. Basic Non-inverting Comparator
Moving a Trip Point:
Now, such comparator is called Limit Detector since it
detects the particular positive level of the input
beyond which output goes HIGH.
2. Negative Trip Point – this is achieved
introducing reference voltage to by
negative inverting the
input
So,
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
1. Basic Non-inverting Comparator
Moving a Trip Point:
Negative Trip Point
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
1. Basic Non-inverting Comparator
Moving a Trip Point:
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
2. Inverting Comparator
Input Voltage is applied at the inverting
terminal, Vref is applied at the non-inverting terminal
If Vin > Vref (-Vsat) i.e. Vo ~ -VEE
If Vin < Vref (+Vsat) i.e. Vo ~ -VCC
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
2. Inverting Comparator
Waveforms
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
2. Inverting Comparator
Waveforms
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
2. Inverting Comparator
Transfer Characteristics
.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
Practical Comparator
It consists of protective diodes and
potentiometer to adjust the reference voltage
D1 & D2 for protecting the op-amp from being
damaged due to excessive input voltage. They
are called clamping diodes
These diodes limit the difference in voltage
between the two inputs to always be less than
0.7V or -0.7V.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator
Practical Comparator
Circuit
.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator Circuit Applications
Example Circuit – Voltage Level Indicator
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator Circuit Applications
Example Circuit - Light Activated Alarm
.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator Circuit Applications
Example Circuit - Dark Activated Alarm
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Basic Comparator Circuit Applications
Temperature Sensor Alert Circuit Simulation
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Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Introduction
In a basic comparator feedback is not used
and the opamp is used in open loop mode.
Since open loop gain is large, then very small
noise voltages also can cause triggering of the
comparator, to change its state.
This false triggering may cause problems in
the applications of comparator as zero
crossing detector. It can give
implication of zero crossing wrong dueto
crossing of noise voltage rather than zerozero
crossing of wanted input signal.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Introduction
Such unwanted noise causes the output to
jump between high and low states.
The comparator circuit used to avoid such
unwanted triggering is called Regenerative
Comparator or Schmitt Trigger, which is
basically a positive feedback.
The circuit is named a "trigger" because the
output retains its value until the input changes
sufficiently to trigger a change.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Introduction
In the non-inverting configuration, when the
input is higher than a certain chosen
threshold, the output is HIGH. When the input
is below a different (lower) chosen threshold,
the output is LOW, and when the input is
between the two levels, the output retains its
value.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Inverting Schmitt Trigger
Inverting Schmitt Trigger
Vref
GND
(a) Inverting Schmitt Trigger circuit (b)} (c) and (d) Transfer Characteristics of
Schmitt Trigger
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Inverting Schmitt Trigger
The figure above shows the basic Schmitt trigger circuit.
Since the input is applied to the inverting terminal, it is
also called Inverting Schmitt trigger circuit.
The inverting mode produces the opposite polarity
output which is then fed back to the non-inverting input
which is of the same polarity as that of the output. This
ensures positive feedback.
When Vin is slightly positive than Vref, then Vo gets
driven into negative saturation at –Vsat level. (Vin > Vref
-Vsat)
When Vin becomes more negative than -Vref, then Vo
gets driven into positive saturation at +Vsat level. (Vin <
Vref +Vsat).
.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Inverting Schmitt Trigger
Thus output voltage is always at +Vsat or
–Vsat but the voltage at which it changes its
state now can be controlled by the resistance
R1 and R2. Thus Vref can be obtained as per
requirement.
.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Inverting Schmitt Trigger
+Vref is for positive saturation when Vo = +Vsat and is
called Upper Threshold Voltage, denoted as VUT.
-Vref is for negative saturation when Vo = -Vsat and is
called Lower Threshold Voltage, denoted as VLT.
The values of these threshold voltage levels can be
determined and adjusted by selecting proper values of
R1 and R2.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Inverting Schmitt Trigger
Transfer Characteristics showing Hysteresis
Vi < VLT , Vo = +Vsat
Vi > VUT , Vo = -Vsat
VLT < Vin < VUT =
Vo = previous state
achieved
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Inverting Schmitt Trigger
The graph indicates that once the output changes its
state, it remains there indefinitely until the input
voltages crosses any of the threshold voltage levels.
This is called hysteresis of Schmitt trigger
The hysteresis is called Dead Band or Dead
also Zone
The difference between VUT and VLT is called width of
the Hysteresis denoted as H.
.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Inverting Schmitt Trigger
The Schmitt trigger eliminates the effect of noise
voltage present. The noise voltage less than the
hysteresis H, cannot cause triggering.
Since for positive Vin greater than VUT, the output
becomes –Vsat and for negative Vin less than VLT,
the output becomes +Vsat, this is called Inverting
Schmitt trigger.
Vi < VLT , Vo = +Vsat
Vi > VUT , Vo = -Vsat
VLT < Vin < VUT = Vo = previous state achieved
SJUCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Inverting Schmitt Trigger
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
Mr. David Juma, BSc.: SJUCET – EECE Dept.
Inverting Schmitt Trigger Waveforms
SJUCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Non-inverting Schmitt Trigger
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJUCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Non-inverting Schmitt Trigger
The input is applied to the non-inverting input terminal of the
op-
amp.
To understand the working of the circuit, let us assume that the
output is positively saturated i.e. at +Vsat. This is feedback to the
non-inverting input through R1. This is a positive feedback.
Juma, BSc.:
Now though Vin is decreased, the output continues its positive
saturation level unless and until the input becomes more negative
than VLT.
At lower threshold, the output changes its state from positive
Mr. David
saturation + Vsat to negative saturation - Vsat. It remains in
negative saturation till Vin increases beyond its upper threshold
level VUT.
Now VA = Voltage at point A =IinR2 = VUT.
SJUCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
As input current is zero, Iin entirely passes through R1
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJUCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Input and output waveforms of Non-inverting Schmitt Trigger
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJUCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Comparison between Schmitt trigger and Comparator
..
S.N Schmitt Trigger Comparator
1. The feedback is used. No feedback is used.
Op-amp is used in closed loop
2. mode. Used in open loop mode.
Juma, BSc.:
3. No false triggering. False Triggering.
Two different threshold voltages Single reference voltage
4. exists as VUT & VLT Vref or –Vref.
5. Hysteresis exists. No Hysteresis exists.
Mr. David
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Integrator
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SJUCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Integrator
..
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
SJUCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Integrator
Juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
Vo(0) is the constant of integration, indicating
the initial output Voltage.
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Integrator
..
Do the integration
We get, Vo(t) = -At
SJUCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Integrator
..
juma, BSc.:
Mr. David
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Integrator
square wave input signal
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Integrator
Output waveform for square wave input signal
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Sine wave input and cosine output
ω=2π/T
T = Period i.e. 2π
SJUCET – EECE Dept. Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
Integrator
Summary of the input and output of
Integrator
Vin (t) Vo(t)
Step Ramp
Juma, BSc.:
Square wave Triangular wave
Sine wave Cosine wave
Mr. David
Lecture 2-1 : Applications of Opamp
