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Full Control Systems Review

The document is a midterm review for control systems, detailing concepts such as open-loop and closed-loop systems, the role of controllers, transfer functions, and system stability. It includes equations and examples for various system responses, error constants, and methods for analyzing stability. Key topics covered include the Laplace transform, impulse and step responses, and the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion.

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8 views

Full Control Systems Review

The document is a midterm review for control systems, detailing concepts such as open-loop and closed-loop systems, the role of controllers, transfer functions, and system stability. It includes equations and examples for various system responses, error constants, and methods for analyzing stability. Key topics covered include the Laplace transform, impulse and step responses, and the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion.

Uploaded by

alhanoof1018
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Systems Midterm Review

Detailed Explanation of All Questions


with Equations
Objective of Control Systems
• A control system maintains desired system
behavior.
• Closed-loop systems use feedback to adjust,
while open-loop systems do not.
• (Answer: c)
Example of an Open-Loop Control
System
• An open-loop system does not use feedback.
• Example: A traffic light with fixed timings
(Answer: d).
Closed-Loop Control System
• Closed-loop control continuously monitors
and adjusts.
• Example: A thermostat (Answer: d).
Role of Controller in Closed-Loop
• A controller compares system output with the
desired value and makes corrections.
• Controller Equation:
• E(s) = R(s) - C(s)
Feedback Control System
• Feedback is used to adjust the system output
by comparing with the reference signal.
• Error Signal: E(s) = R(s) - C(s)
Transfer Function Definition
• Transfer function relates the input to the
output in the Laplace domain:
• H(s) = Output(s) / Input(s)
Order of Transfer Function
• The order is determined by the highest power
of ‘s’ in the denominator.
Final Value Theorem
• Used to determine the steady-state value:
• lim (s→0) [sF(s)] = f(∞)
Laplace Transform Basics
• Laplace Transform converts time-domain
equations into s-domain:
• L{f(t)} = F(s)
Inverse Laplace Transform
• To find the time-domain function from s-
domain:
• Use Partial Fraction Decomposition.
Impulse Response
• If input is δ(t), the impulse response is:
• C(s) = H(s)
Step Response
• For a unit step input u(t), we get:
• C(s) = H(s) / s
First-Order System Response
• A first-order system is given by:
• T(s) = K / (τs + 1)
• Time Constant τ = 1/a
Second-Order System Response
• Second-order system equation:
• T(s) = ω² / (s² + 2ζωs + ω²)
Damping Factor ζ
• ζ determines the system response:
• - ζ < 1: Underdamped
• - ζ > 1: Overdamped
• - ζ = 1: Critically damped
Stability of a System
• A system is stable if all poles of its transfer
function are in the left half of the s-plane.
Routh-Hurwitz Stability Criterion
• Used to determine system stability without
solving for poles.
Root Locus
• Graphical method to study how system poles
change with gain K.
Static Error Constants
• Used to measure system steady-state
accuracy.
• Position Error Constant: Kp
• Velocity Error Constant: Kv
• Acceleration Error Constant: Ka
Steady-State Error
• Depends on system type:
• - Type 0: Position error exists
• - Type 1: No position error, velocity error exists
• - Type 2: No velocity error
Gain and Damping Factor
• Increasing gain reduces steady-state error but
may affect stability.

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