FORENSIC 5

Lie detection and

Techniques
By: JOSELYN P GONSAGA, RCRIM, FS,
CST, MSC (CAR) MMCJ
 COURSE POLICY
1. Punctuality and regular attendance is expected of every student. (30 min.
rule)
2. The teacher and/or assigned class beadle will regularly check the
attendance every meeting
3. A student is considered late if he/she arrives after the checking of the
attendance and will be marked absent if he/she arrives 15 minutes after
the start of the class.
4. Admission slip is a requirement to attend class when you are absent from
the previous meeting.
5. Checking of attendance is part of classroom management which aids in
the effective teaching-learning process.
6. SET PLAN must observe at all times.
7. Cellular Phone are not allowed during classroom instruction but not
limited to emergency use and needs of classroom instruction.
 COURSE INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES:
After the course the students should be able to:
1. Explain the concept of lie detection preferably polygraph including its methods
and application
2. Explain the nature of lies, physiological bases, forms and typology; detecting
lies by recognizing verbal clues and non verbal clues
3. Discuss the parts and functions of polygraph machine and use such in
simulated examination
4. Discuss the requirements in the conduct of polygraph test, preparation, and
diagnosis of subject
5. Prepare test questions for polygraph test
6. Perform polygraph test, analyze the result and prepare examination report
7. Discuss the requirements of admissibility of polygraph evidence in court
WEEK 1-2

WEEK 3-4

WEEK 5-7

WEEK 9-11
WEEK 12-14

WEEK 15

WEEK 16

WEEK 17

WEEK 18
 FORENSIC 5- LIE DETECTION AND TECHNIQUES

I. CONCEPT OF LIE DETECTION AND INTERROGATION

Learning Outcome:
• Discuss the different concepts of lie detection as an aid in Law enforcement
administration and criminal justice.

INTRODUCTION:
The modern investigator today has numerous technical investigative aids
available to assist them in their search for the facts of a crime or incident. One of these
is the polygraph. In order for the investigator to obtain the greatest value from the
polygraph, he should know its capabilities and limitations; the assistance he can render
the examiner; and the directives and regulations pertaining to its use. Remember that a
polygraph instrument can only be of value when utilized properly, and is not a
substitute for a thorough investigation or as a crutch for a poor one. The focus of the
study is on the capabilities, limitations and the standard procedures of
polygraph examination.
 LESSON 1- DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Objective:
• Remember and understand the words and phrases used in Lie Detection and
Techniques.

What is Polygraphy?
- It is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a polygraph
instrument. This is the new name of LIE DETECTION.

What is Polygraph?
It is a scientific diagnostic instrument used to record physiological changes in the
blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance of an examinee under
controlled condition
ANATOMY OF LYING
OTHER NAME OF THE POLYGRAPH?
It is also called “Truth Verifier” since statistics show that
is the huge majority of the instances the instrument
verifies an innocent person’s truthfulness.
Definition of terms LIE defined:
Any untruthful statement; Falsehood; Anything
that deceives or creates false impression;
To make untrue statements knowingly, especially with
intent to cheat; To give an mistaken or untruthful
impression;

LIE is synonymous to:

Deceit; deception; fabrication; falsehood; and untruth.
WHAT IS LIE DETECTOR?
It is the popular but
misleading name of the
Polygraph. In Greek,
Polygraph means “many
writings” and the
instrument was so
named because it make
various ink recordings of a
person’s body functions.
DETECTION DEFINED:
THE ACT OF DETECTING, DISCOVERY, PERCEIVING, FINDING, OR UNCOVERING
SOMETHING AMBIGUOUS.

CONCEPT OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

a) Used to test an individual for the purpose of detecting
deception or verify the truth of statement
b) Records identifiable physiological reactions of
the subject, such as; blood pressure, pulse rate,
respiration and skin resistance.
c) The effectiveness of the polygraph in recording
symptoms of deceptions is based on the theory that a
conscious mental effort on the part of a normal person
to deceive causes involuntary physiological
changes that are in effect a body’s reaction to an
imminent danger to its well being.
OBJECTIVE OF A POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
a) Obtain additional investigation
leads to the facts of the
case/offenses.
b) Ascertain if a person is telling the
truth
c) Locate the fruits or tools of the
crime or whereabouts of wanted
persons.
d) Identify other persons involved.
e) Obtain valuable information form
reluctant witnesses
f) Eliminate the innocent suspects.
 PRINCIPAL USES OF THE
POLYGRAPH

a)Aid in investigation
b)Speeds up processing of
investigation
c)Eliminates innocent suspects
d)Pre-employment screening
e)Honesty test (Periodic test)
LIE ANY UNTRUTHFUL STATEMENT USUALLY
STATED TO MISLEAD OR DECEIVE.

Why do people lie?

1. Take what is not rightfully theirs
2. Escape accountability
3. Create a fantasy or false esteem to escape reality
4. Avoid punishment
5. Inflict pain
6. Steal admiration
7. Gain advantage to exploit others
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Admission is a statement of facts, partial acknowledgement of guilt
and usually given with some justification or exemplification in admitting.
2. Confession is a direct acknowledgement of guilt o restatement of guilt.
3. Deception is the act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied
by lying.
4. Diastolic blood pressure refers to the downward blood pressure
representing the low pressure to the closing of the valves and heart
relaxed.
5. Dicrotic notch refers to the short horizontal notch in a cardio-tracing
located at the middle of the diastolic stem.
6. Electro dermal response it refers to human body phenomenon in which
the skin changes resistance electrically upon the application of certain
external stimuli. Also referred to a Psycho galvanic skin reflex or galvanic
skin response.
7. Emotion it refers to an emotional response to
specific danger that appear s to be beyond a
persons defensive power.
8. Environment is the sum total of the dissimulation
that a person acquired from the time he was
conceived and his exposure to his surroundings.
9. Heredity is the transmission of physical and
mental traits of the parents to their off spring
through the genes.
10. Interview simple questioning of one who is
willing and cooperative.
11. Interrogation forceful questioning of a person
who is reluctant to divulge information.
12. Lying is the act of uttering or conveying falsehood or creating a false or
misleading impression with the intention of affecting wrongfully.
13. Normal response refers to any activity or inhibition of aprevious activity of
an organism or part of the organism resulting from stimulation.
14. Ordeal refers to the oldest form of crime detection one by subjecting a
subject to an obstacle or trial and some times even involving third degree.
15. Specific response refers to the response given by the subject which
considered a deviation from the normal tracing or norms of the subject.
16. Stimulus refers to any force or motion coming from the environment and
which reach an organism has the tendency to arouse.
17. Systolic Blood pressure the upward blood
pressure as the apex of the curve caused by
the contraction of the heart, valves are open
and blood is rushing into the arteries.

• Ayur Vida a hindu book of science and health

around 500 B.C. Considered as an earliest
known reference to a method of detecting
deception.
 LESSON 2
EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION/OTHER COUNTRIES PRACTICING ORDEAL/HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF POLYGRAPH Objective:
1. Explore the early methods of detecting deception.
2. Identify the different types of ordeal practice in other countries. Historically, early human beings
have their own way of determining lying or guilt on the part of the accused and accuser.

Their common method is thru the application of “ORDEAL.

”ORDEAL defined: A severe test of character or endurance; a trying course of experience.
• A medieval form of judicial trial in which the accused was subjected to physical tests, as carrying
or walking over burning objects or immersing the hand in scalding water, the result
being considered a divine judgment of guilt or innocence.

ORDEAL (a painful)
1. Is a term of varying meaning closely related in the Old-fashioned Latin “Dei Indicum ”meaning
“Miraculous decision.”
2. Ancient method of trial in which the accused was exposed to physical danger which was supposed to
be harmless if he was innocent.
AYUR-VEDA “Hindu book of health and science” The earliest known
reference of the methods for detecting deception.

Come before lie detection (seen through outside manifestation).

Basis of the invention of polygraph machine.
Traditional way not scientific.

EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION

1. Trial by Combat= a method to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a

confession, in which two parties in dispute fought in single combat.
2. Trial by Ordeal= a judicial practiced by which the guilt or innocence of the
accused is determined by subjecting them to an unpleasant, usually dangerous
experience or in the present term would mean an employment of “3rd degree”.

The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum ”which
means“ a miraculous decision”.
 TYPES OF ORDEAL
1. Ordeal of Heat and Fire= in this test the
suspect walked a certain distance, usually
nine feet, over red-hot plow shares or holding
a red-hot iron.
2. Ordeal of Hot Water= this test requires that
the water had to be boiled, and the depth
from which the stone had to be retrieved was
up to the wrist for one accusation, and up to
the elbow for three or more accusations.
3. Ordeal of Boiling Oil= this ordeal was
practiced in villages of India and certain parts
of West Africa.
4. Red Hot Iron Ordeal= the accused will be required to touch his tongue to an
extremely hot metal nine (9) times (unless burned sooner), Once his tongue is
burned, he will be adjudged guilty. In some country instead of hot iron, they
used a hot needle to tease the lips and once the lips bleed it is an indication
of guilt.
5. Ordeal of Cold Water= this ordeal has a precedent in the Code of Ur-
Nammu and the Code of Hammurabi under which a man accused of sorcery
was to be submerged in a stream and acquitted if he survived.
• =in16thand17thcenturies,ordealbywaterwasassociatedwiththewitch-
hunts.Floating is an indication of witch craft.
• The Code of Ur-Nammu is the oldest known surviving law code. It is from
Mesopotamia and is written on tablets, in the Sumerian language c. 2100–
2050 BCE. It contains strong statements of royal power like "I eliminated
enmity, violence, and cries for justice.

• The primary purpose of the code was to establish a set of laws that
governed various aspects of Sumerian society, including property rights,
family law, contracts, and criminal offenses23. The code aimed to ensure
fairness, resolve disputes, and maintain social order
 CODE OF HAMMURABI
The Code of Hammurabi is one of the oldest surviving codes of law in the world. It was created during the reign of Hammurabi, the sixth king
of the First Dynasty of Babylon, around 1754 BC.

King Hammurabi
• He is the sixth king of the old Babylonian
• Famous law code which serve as the model of others including the mosaic law of the bible
• He was the first ruler able to successfully govern all of Mesopotamia (present-Day Iraq)

The code consists of 282 laws, carved on a stele (a stone pillar), that governed the behavior of Babylonians in various aspects of life,
including:

1. Family and marriage

2. Property and commerce
3. Crime and punishment
4. Social class and status

Some notable provisions of the Code of Hammurabi include:

- "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (law 196), which mandated retaliatory punishment for injuries.
- Laws governing trade, loans, and interest rates.
- Provisions for the protection of women, children, and slaves.
- Penalties for crimes such as theft, murder, and adultery.

• The Code of Hammurabi was significant not only for its comprehensive coverage of legal matters but also for its emphasis on the rule of
law, fairness, and justice.