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Protein Synthesis

The document outlines the central dogma of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. It details the properties of the genetic code, the processes of transcription and translation, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation. Additionally, it includes information on mRNA editing through splicing and provides practice questions for further understanding.

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4 views20 pages

Protein Synthesis

The document outlines the central dogma of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. It details the properties of the genetic code, the processes of transcription and translation, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation. Additionally, it includes information on mRNA editing through splicing and provides practice questions for further understanding.

Uploaded by

apksingh011611
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

CENTRAL DOGMA
The central dogma is a framework for understanding the flow of genetic information. It states
that DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein.

Replication
GENETIC CODE
PROPERTIES OF GENETIC CODE
1) Triplet - Each amino acid is encoded by a sequence of
three consecutive nucleotides, called a codon.
2) Universal - The genetic code is the same in almost all
organisms. With few exceptions, all organisms use the
code the same way, i.e., encode the same 20 amino acids
with the same 64 triplets (more appropriately by 61
triplets).
3) Degenerate / Redundant - The degeneracy of the
genetic code means that some amino acids may be
specified by more than one codon.
4) Unambiguous / Exclusive - Each codon specifies only
one of the 20 amino acids. None of the codons code for
two or more amino acids
PROPERTIES OF GENETIC CODE
5) Nonoverlapping - Each nucleotide in an mRNA
sequence belongs to a single reading frame. The reading
frame is set by an initiation codon, which is usually
AUG. When a reading frame has been set, codons are
read as successive groups of three nucleotides.
6) Contains start and stop signals (Punctuation codons)
- The initiation codon is usually AUG and it codes for
met in eukaryotes and f-met in prokaryotes. Any one of
three termination codons (UAA, UAG, and UGA) can
signal the end of a protein; no amino acids are encoded
by the termination codons.
7) Commaless - Between the codons, there are no
intervening nucleotides (or commas or gaps).
How the code is read?
1.How the code is read:
a.Every 3 bases on mRNA
represents a code for an
amino acid = codon.
b.Amino acids are abbreviated
most times by using the first
3 letters of the amino acid’s
name.
• Met = methonine
• Leu = leucine
CELL MACHINERY REQUIRED FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
THREE ORGANELLES ARE NEEDED TO
CREATE A FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN

• NUCLEUS

Pre-
mRNA

• RIBOSOMES

• GOLGI APPARATUS
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL
TRANSCRIPTION

The direction of synthesis is always 5' to 3'


A DNA transcription unit is composed, from its 3' to 5' end, of an RNA-coding region (pink rectangle)
flanked by a promoter region (green rectangle) and a terminator region (black rectangle). Regions to the
left, or moving towards the 3' end, of the transcription start site are considered \"upstream;\" regions to
the right, or moving towards the 5' end, of the transcription start site are considered \"downstream.\"
© 2014 Nature Education Adapted from Pierce, Benjamin. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 2nd ed. All
rights reserved.
mRNA EDITING - SPLICING
• There are some parts of the DNA sequence that aren’t involved in coding for proteins. These parts are
called introns, and the introns must be removed from mRNA.
• The parts that are involved in coding are called exons.
• Pre-mRNA has to be edited in order to remove the introns and make a complete coding set. This is
achieved by a process called splicing.
TRANSLATION
INITIATIO
N

Codons are read 5' → 3' as the protein is


ELONGATIO
synthesized from amino end to carboxyl end
N

TERMINATIO
N
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION

It is the first step of gene expression that It is the second step of gene expression that
DEFINITION
converts DNA into all types of RNA converts mRNA into protein

It occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotes and It occurs in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotes
LOCATION
cytoplasm of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

TEMPLATE The template is antisense strand of DNA The template is mRNA

Segment of DNA template strand (gene),


mRNA, Ribosomes, tRNA and 20 types of amino
REQUIREMENTS four types of ribonucleotides and RNA
acids
polymerase

PRODUCT All types of RNA Protein


DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION

PROKARYOTIC TRANSLATION EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION

RIBOSOMES 70S (50S + 30S) ribosomes are involved 80S (60S + 40S) ribosomes are involved

INITIATION CODON Initiation (start) codons are many Only one initiation codon, i.e., AUG

INITIATING AMINO The first amino acid brought for the synthesis of all The first amino acid brought for the synthesis of all
ACID bacterial polypeptides is N-formylmethionine (fMet) eukaryotic polypeptides is methionine (Met)

SITE Occurs on ribosomes present in cytosol Occurs on ribosomes and RER present in cytosol

COUPLING Can be coupled with transcription Cannot be coupled with transcription


PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Short questions
1) Define splicing.
2) Why is genetic code considered to be degenerate/universal/exclusive?
3) What are start and stop codons?
4) Define exons and introns.
Long questions
5) What is “Central dogma of life”?
6) What is the difference between transcription and translation?
7) Describe the steps involved in transcription with well labelled diagram.
8) Describe the steps involved in translation with well labelled diagram.

IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS - Central Dogma of life (Slide 2), Protein formation summary (Slide 7), Transcription
(Slide 10), Splicing (Slide 12), Translation (Slide 13 or 14)

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