Data

Collection
Methods
RESEARCH 9, WEEK 3
 OBJECTIVES
1. Describe data collection
2. Differentiate the two broad categories
of data
3. Categorize type of data
● Data are a set of facts, and provide a
partial picture of reality.
● Whether data are being collected with a
certain purpose or collected data are being
utilized, questions regarding what information
the data are conveying, how the data can be
used, and what must be done to include more
useful information must constantly be kept in
mind.
Data
Collection
Data collection is the
process of collecting data
aiming to gain insights
regarding the research
topic.
 DATA COLLECTION
• Data collection as a main stage in research can overshadow
the quality of achieving results by decreasing the possible
errors which may occur during a research project. Therefore,
alongside a good design for the study, plenty of quality time
should be spent in the collection of data to gain appropriate
results since insufficient and inaccurate data prevents
assuring the accuracy of findings (Kabir, 2016).
• On the other hand, although a suitable data collection
method helps to plan good research, it cannot necessarily
guarantee the overall success of the research project (Olsen,
2012)
02
Types of
Data
 QUALITATIVE DATA
• Both nominal and descriptive non-numerical data which
cannot be shown as numbers are known as qualitative data
in words or sentences format.
• This type of data answers to "how and why" questions in a
research study and mostly covers data regarding feelings,
perceptions, and emotions using unstructured approaches
such as interviews for data collection.
• Researchers use different methods such as using audiotapes,
sketches, notes, and photographs to gather these data.
 QUANTITATIVE DATA
• It involves numerical data. These are data
that helps to quantify phenomena, test
hypotheses, and establish relationships
between variables.
• It is typically used in structured surveys,
experiments, or statistical analysis to gather
data.
• The data is then analyzed using statistical
methods to identify patterns, trends, and
01
Types of
Data
Collection
 Primary Data Collection
• Data that is not published yet and is the first-hand information which is not changed
by any individual is known as primary data.
• The validity, reliability, objectivity, and authenticity of data are more in primary data
in comparison with the secondary data types.
• Using primary sources, helps to gain high-quality data which can improve results,
and you also have the opportunity to add further data when required during the
research procedures.
• Primary data collection; however, can face difficulties in defining different terms in
collecting data for example, the reasons behind data collection, what to collect,
when to collect data, and the type of data collection method. It is also an expensive
approach, obtains the majority of research budget, and needs to provide funding
resources from different agencies.
• You need to ensure the standard of collected data by accurately collecting them,
eliminating unnecessary data and also not using fake and cooked-up ones.
• To achieve primary data, different sources can be used such as experiments,
surveys, interviews, and questionnaires (Kabir, 2016; Taherdoost, 2021).
 TYPES
Memo OF Process
PRIMARY DATA
Link
Motion COLLECTION
Analysis Analysis
Study This analysis is used to gain
higher efficiency and decrease This is a data analysis
wastes by improving method that can be used
This method is also known understanding of processes. In to explore the links,
as spaced-shot this method, the process is connections, and
photography, and uses a broken down into different
relationships
steps including inputs,
camera to analyze a long between different objects.
operational, and output steps.
process. As a tool of time, In this method, first, you need This analysis can be based
it uses film material for to define the process, design a on relational, physical, and
study purposes. Nowadays, flowchart, define steps' digital aspects. Thus,
this technique is used capacity, explore the lowest data collection in this
commonly, as many of the capacity as the bottleneck of method can be also based
current settings can the process, and quantify its
on digital data for example
impact on the process. Then,
address the required from websites.
you can utilize the gathered
conditions. data and findings from the
sections to enhance the
process.
 Secondary Data Collection
• Secondary data is the data gathered from published sources
meaning that the data is already gathered by someone else for
another reason and can be used for other purposes in a research
as well.
• In all papers, the literature review section is based on secondary
data sources. Thus, secondary data is an essential part of
research that can help to get information from past studies as
basis conduction for implementing a research or as the required
background information.
• It can also help to design a study and provide a baseline to
compare primary results. However, it should be noted that
researchers need to re-examine the validity and reliability of these
backgrounds to gain authentic results.
For each of the following mark “P” if the source is primary or “S”
if the source is secondary.

1._____ A diary titled “Life in the Mines” from a miner named

Roberto Nilag who lived in Bulacan in the 1870’s
2._____ A magazine article from 2011 titled “Mining in the Luzon
Peninsula in the 1860’s to the 1890’s”
3._____ A chapter in your world history textbook about the Ancient
Malay .
4._____ An original photograph from the 1941 attack at Pearl
Harbor that you found in your grandparents’ photo album
5._____ An original World War I uniform worn by your great
grandfather
6._____An encyclopedia entry on the Filipino-Japanese War
7._____ The diary of Lucresia Santos (a young girl who lived in hiding
during the World War II )
8._____ Sheet music that was used to play military tunes during the
Japanese War
9._____A web site that summarizes Ancient Filipino mythology
 Act. No. 1 Using the circle map
below, define and describe DATA
COLLECTION.
Act. No. 1 Using the tree map below, differentiate
the types of data by giving specific examples (5
for each type). Write the answers on your
notebook.

TYPES OF DATA

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE PRIMARY SECONDARY

Data
Collectio
n
Methods
Here are some sample data collection techniques commonly
used research, along with brief descriptions for each:
1. Online Surveys:
Description: Participants respond to a structured set of questions
through an online platform (e.g., Google Forms, SurveyMonkey).
Example: A survey measuring customer satisfaction with a
product.
2. Telephone Surveys:
Description: Data is collected through structured interviews
conducted over the phone.
Example: Polling public opinion on a recent political issue.
3.Face-to-Face Interviews:
Description: Researchers conduct structured interviews in
person, using a predetermined set of questions.
Example: Interviewing participants about their experiences
with a new educational program.
4. Experiments:
Description: Controlled studies where researchers
manipulate independent variables to observe effects on
dependent variables.
Example: Testing the effectiveness of a new teaching
method on student performance by comparing test scores
between two groups.
5. Observational Studies:
Description: Researchers systematically observe
and record behaviors or events in a natural setting
without interference.
Example: Observing student engagement levels in
classrooms with different teaching styles.
6. Secondary Data Analysis:
Description: Analyzing existing datasets collected by
other researchers, organizations, or government
agencies.
Example: Using census data to study demographic
trends in income distribution.
7. Content Analysis:
Description: Quantifying the presence of certain
words, themes, or concepts in textual, visual, or
audio content.
Example: Analyzing social media posts to determine
the frequency of positive versus negative sentiment
toward a brand.

8. Field Trials:
Description: Conducting small-scale tests in real-
world settings to evaluate the effectiveness of an
intervention.
Example: Implementing a new health program in a
community and measuring changes in participants'
health outcomes.
9.Cross-Sectional Studies:
Description: Collecting data at a single point in time from
a sample that represents a larger population.
Example: Surveying a random sample of high school
students to assess their attitudes toward physical fitness.
These techniques can be used individually or in
combination, depending on the research objectives and
context.
GROUP ACTIVITY
Conduct a mini research about the general topic
“FLOWERS”. Specify the topic. Formulate 2-3 questions.
Write a short introduction, the methods/procedures to
answer the questions, data presentation/analysis,
discussion and conclusions. Each group is assigned a
data collection method to gather the data needed:
1- Survey
2-Experiment
3-Interview
4-Observation
5-Secondary data analysis/documentary analysis
FORMAT
Title Page
Summary
Introduction
Background of the study
Objectives
Research questions
Significance/Impact of the
study
Methods
Materials
Procedures
Data collection
Data Analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
FORMAT