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FM Part II

The document explains frequency modulation (FM), detailing how the frequency of a carrier signal is altered by a modulating signal. It includes mathematical representations of FM signals, calculations for carrier frequency, modulating frequency, frequency deviation, and bandwidth using Carson's rule. Additionally, it provides example problems and solutions related to FM systems.

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divyanshi.singhal.02
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3 views

FM Part II

The document explains frequency modulation (FM), detailing how the frequency of a carrier signal is altered by a modulating signal. It includes mathematical representations of FM signals, calculations for carrier frequency, modulating frequency, frequency deviation, and bandwidth using Carson's rule. Additionally, it provides example problems and solutions related to FM systems.

Uploaded by

divyanshi.singhal.02
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FREQUENCY

MODULATION

It is defined as a process of
altering the
frequency of the carrier signal
w.r.t.
instantaneous amplitude of
modulating
signal.
CARRIER AND MODULATING SIGNALS

Carrier

Modulating signal
FREQUENCY MODULATED SIGNAL
 Time domain analysis:

From the definition:


fFM= fC + Kfm(t)
Where Kf is known as frequency
sensitivity.
Kf = Δf/Am
fFM= fC + Kf Amcos(2Πfmt)
= fC + Δf cos(2Πfmt)
where Δf is known as frequency deviation. Its
signifies , by how much amount carrier
frequency gets deviated.
Multiplying by 2Π on both sides :
2ΠfFM = 2ΠfC + 2ΠΔf cos(2Πfmt)
ωFM = ω C + Δ ω cos(2Πfmt) …(1)

ω FM = dθ(t)/dt
ω FM dt = dθ(t) ….(2)
ωFM dt = ω C dt + Δ ω cos(2Πfmt) dt

Integrating both the sides


ω FMt = ω Ct +(Δ ω / ω m)sin(2Πfmt) [ From eq.1]
= θ(t)

Equation of FM Signal:

VFM(t) = ACcos[θ(t)]

VFM(t)= ACcos[ωCt +β sin(2Πfmt)]

β = Δf/fm is defined as modulation index of FM.


Frequency spectrum:
 The frequency spectrum of FM signal
consisted of infinite number of sideband
components ( using Fourier Transform ).

 According to Carson’s rule the


bandwidth of the FM signal is given by
2(Δf + fm).
Problem:


1. Given a FM signal
VFM(t) = 10 cos [2Π108t + 5 sin(2Π15000t)] ,
Calculate the
 Carrier frequency
 Modulating frequency
 Frequency deviation
 Bandwidth using Carson’s rule
Problem 1 Given a FM signal
VFM(t) = 10 cos [2Π108t + 5 sin(2Π15000t)] , Calculate
 Carrier frequency
 Modulating frequency
 Frequency deviation
 Bandwidth using Carson’s rule

Solution:
VFM(t)= ACcos[ωCt +β sin(2Πfmt)]

. Carrier frequency: fC = 100MHz


Modulating frequency : fm = 15KHz.
Frequency deviation : Δf = β fm = 5 * 15 = 75KHz. [ β=Δf/ fm]
Bandwidth = 2(Δf + fm ) = 2( 75 + 15 ) KHz = 180KHz.
Problem 2

In an FM system when the audio frequency is 50Hz , modulating


voltage is 2.5V , the deviation produced is 5KHz. a) Calculate the
modulation index. b) If the modulating voltage is now increased to
7.5V , calculate the new value of frequency deviation.

Solution:
Given : fm = 50Hz , Am = 2.5V , Δf = 5KHz.

a) Modulation index: β = Δf/fm= 5*103/50 = 100

b) If Am = 7.5V , Δf = ?

Kf = Δf/Am= 5KHz/2.5 = 2KHz/V

Δf = Kf Am = 2*7.5 = 15KHz.
EXERCISE:
1. A carrier of amplitude 5V and frequency 90MHz is frequency
modulated by a sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 5V and
frequency 15KHz. The frequency sensitivity is 10KHz/V. Calculate
the frequency deviation and modulation index.

 Soln.

 Given: Ac = 5V ; fc = 90MHz ; Am = 5V; fm =


15KHz
 Kf = 10KHz/volt

 a) Δf = Kf Am = 10 x 5 = 50KHz

 b) ß = Δf/fm = 50 / 15 = 3.33


END

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