ELECTIVE
6:NAVIGATION AND
SEAMANSHIP with
SOLAS
Presented by: Necesario, Mike Lawrence
Escototo,Queennie
PLOTTING
DISTANCE
AND
DIRECTION
Presented by: Necesario, Mike Lawrence
Escototo,Queennie
Chapter Flow
• Introduction
• Basic Navigation Plotting Tools
• Plotting Distance and Direction
Plotting is the process of keeping track of the position of
a vessel over time. This is done by recording the
successive positions of the vessel in the nautical chart.
The position can be obtained by dead reckoning or by
taking bearings from prominent charted landmarks and
constructing Lines-of-Position.
Cardinal directions- (North-South
;Latitude), (West-East;Longitude)
Distance – length of the Line
DIRECTION- is expressed as the angular
difference from a reference direction
true North- correspond to the
direction pointing towards the
geographical North Pole
magnetic North is the (horizontal)
direction of the local magnetic flux line
Course (C) is the horizontal direction in which a
vessel is steered or intended to be steered
true course or true heading is expressed as
angular distance from true North clockwise from
000° through 360°.
magnetic course refers to magnetic north.
compass course refers to the compass north
direction, which is influenced by variation and
deviation
https://www.siranah.de/html/sail020f.htm
Course-over-ground (COG) is the
direction a vessel is travelling
referring to a fixed point (e.g. the
surface of the Earth)
Bearing (B) Is the direction of one terrestrial
point to another, expressed as angular distance
from 000° (North) clockwise through 360°.
Heading (Hdg) or keel line is the direction
in which a vessel is pointed, expressed as
angular distance from 000° (North)
clockwise through 360°
course is the "mean" value of the
constantly changing headin
https://www.siranah.de/html/sail020f.htm
Basic Navigation Plotting Tools
Chart plotting consists mainly of simple
graphical and drawing work. The basic
equipment consists of a pair of dividers,
protractors and rulers.
Dividers are used to measure distances on the
chart using the latitude scale. For this purpose,
the distance between two points on the chart is
marked with a divider
• All dividers consist of a pair of "legs", which
can be rotated around a common point.
A protractor is a tool that allows to draw
into a chart lines in a specific direction, or
lines intersecting with a particular angle or
also to measure angles between
intersecting lines
Rulers are useful for drawing long lines in a
chart or to extend one of the sides of the
protractor if it does not have a rotatale ruler.
In Plotting; To avoid confusion about the marks, notes and
positions draw in the nautical chart, some conventions are
necessary.
A Position fixes: fixes obtained e.g. from measured
bearings to charted objects (green lines in the
example), are marked with a circle and
horizontally labelled with the time and sailed
distance (trip)
B Course lines: only course lines "over ground" are
drawn into the chart. Course lines are labelled with
their direction (e.g. 156° or 180° in the example on
the right).
C Dead Reckoning fixes: are marked with a diagonal
line, labelled with time and trip
D Estimated Postions: often Dead Reckoning positions
must be corrected for steering errors, additional
leeway and current.
E Waypoints: vertices of the planned track to be https://www.siranah.de/html/sail022g.htm#:~:t
sailed, are marked with a square and labelled ext=Plotting,constructing%20Lines%2Dof%2DP
with a name. osition
Plotting Distance and Direction
Distances are measured using the chart's
latitude scale.
one minute of Latitude equals one nautical
mile (nm) introduces no significant error.
1’=1nm
The above example shows the following
situation: aproaching the Preveza
Channel from the SW (course 055°T),
https://www.siranah.de/html/sail022g.htm#:~:text=Plotting,constructing%20Lines%2Dof%2DP
osition
EXAMPLE OF ANOTHER
PLOTTING
