Chapter 2
Internetworking
Concepts Overview
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2-1
Objectives
On completion of this chapter, you will
be able to perform the following tasks:
• Describe how data traffic is exchanged
between source and destination devices
• Identify the roles and functions of a hub,
switch, and router, and where they best fit in
the network
• Select the appropriate Cisco equipment for a
given set of network requirements
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-2
Defining Components
of the Network
Home Mobile
Office Users
Internet
Branch Office Main Office
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-3
Defining the Components
of a Network (cont.)
Branch
Office Floor 2
Server Farm
ISDN
Telecommuter Floor 1
Remote Campus
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-4
OSI Model Overview
Application
Application
(Upper) Presentation
Layers
Session
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-5
OSI Model Overview
Application
Application
(Upper) Presentation
Layers
Session
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Flow
Layers
Data Link
Physical
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-6
Role of Application Layers
EXAMPLES
User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-7
Role of Application Layers
EXAMPLES
User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP
• How data is presented ASCII
Presentation • Special processing EBCDIC
such as encryption JPEG
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-8
Role of Application Layers
EXAMPLES
User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP
• How data is presented ASCII
Presentation • Special processing EBCDIC
such as encryption JPEG
Keeping different Operating System/
Session applications’
Application Access
data separate
Scheduling
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-9
Role of Application Layers
EXAMPLES
User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP
• How data is presented ASCII
Presentation • Special processing EBCDIC
such as encryption JPEG
Keeping different Operating System/
Session applications’
Application Access
data separate
Scheduling
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link
Physical
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-10
Role of Data Flow Layers
EXAMPLES
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA-232
pin-out cables V.35
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-11
Role of Data Flow Layers
EXAMPLES
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link • Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA-232
pin-out cables V.35
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-12
Role of Data Flow Layers
EXAMPLES
Provide logical addressing which IP
Network
routers use for path determination IPX
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link • Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA-232
pin-out cables V.35
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-13
Role of Data Flow Layers
EXAMPLES
• Reliable or unreliable delivery TCP
Transport • Error correction before retransmit UDP
SPX
Provide logical addressing which IP
Network
routers use for path determination IPX
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link • Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA-232
pin-out cables V.35
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-14
Role of Data Flow Layers
Application
Presentation
EXAMPLES
Session
• Reliable or unreliable delivery TCP
Transport • Error correction before retransmit UDP
SPX
Provide logical addressing which IP
Network
routers use for path determination IPX
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link • Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA-232
pin-out cables V.35
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-15
Encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
PDU
Upper Layer Data Session
Segment
Transport
TCP Header Upper Layer Data
Network Packet
IP Header Data
LLC Header Data FCS
Data Link Frame
MAC Header Data FCS
Physical Bits
0101110101001000010
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-16
De-encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
Session
Upper Layer Data
Transport
Upper Layer Data
e a der
H
Network TCP
TCP+ Upper Layer Data
e a der
IP H
IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data
Data Link ader
He
LLC
LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data
ea der
ACH
M
Physical
0101110101001000010
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-17
Written Exercise: OSI Model
OSI Model PDU Functional Responsibilities Examples
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-18
Physical Layer Functions
Defines
EIA/TIA-232
• Media type
Ethernet
802.3
Physical
• Connector type
V.35
• Signaling type
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-19
Physical Layer: Ethernet/802.3
10Base2—Thin Ethernet
10Base5—Thick Ethernet
Host
Hub
10BaseT—Twisted Pair
Hosts
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-20
Hubs Operate at Physical layer
Physical
A B C D
• All devices in the same collision domain
• All devices in the same broadcast domain
• Devices share the same bandwidth
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-21
Hubs: One Collision Domain
• More end stations means
more collisions
• CSMA/CD is used
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-22
Data Link layer Functions
Defines
• Physical source and
destination addresses
Frame Relay
Data Link
802.2
• Higher layer protocol
HDLC
(Service Access Point)
Ethernet
associated with frame
• Network topology
Physical
802.3
EIA/TIA-232
• Frame sequencing v.35
• Flow control
• Connection-oriented
or connectionless
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-23
Data Link Layer Functions (cont.)
MAC Layer - 802.3
# Bytes 8 6 6 2 Variable 4
Preamble Dest add Source add Length Data FCS
Ethernet II
uses “Type”
0000.0C xx.xxxx here and
does not use
IEEE assigned Vendor 802.2.
assigned
MAC Address
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-24
Data Link Layer Functions (cont.)
802.2 (SNAP)
# Bytes 1 1 1 or 2 3 2 Variable
Dest SAP Source SAP Ctrl OUI
Type Data
AA AA 03 ID
OR 802.2 (SAP)
# Bytes 1 1 1 or 2 Variable
Dest Source
Ctrl Data
SAP SAP
Preamble Dest add Source add Length Data FCS
MAC Layer - 802.3
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-25
Switches and Bridges Operate
at Data Link Layer
Data Link
1 2 3 4 OR 1 2
• Each segment has its own collision domain
• All segments are in the same broadcast domain
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-26
Switches
Switch
Memory
• Each segment has its
own collision domain
• Broadcasts are
forwarded to all
segments
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-27
Network Layer Functions
• Defines logical
Network
source and IP, IPX
destination
addresses
Frame Relay
associated with a
Data Link
802.2
HDLC
specific protocol
Ethernet
• Defines paths
through network
Physical
802.3
EIA/TIA-232
• Interconnects v.35
multiple data links
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-28
Network Layer Functions (cont.)
Network Layer End Station Packet
Source Destination
IP Header Data
address address
Logical
Address
172.15.1.1
Network Node
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-29
Network Layer Functions (cont.)
Address Mask
172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0
172 16 122 204
Binary
Address 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100
255 255 0 0
Binary
Mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Network Host
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-30
Network Layer Functions (cont.)
1.1 1.0 4.0 4.1
2.1 2.2
1.3 4.3
1.2 4.2
E0 S0 S0 E0
Routing Table Routing Table
NET INT Metric NET INT Metric
1 E0 0 1 S0 1
2 S0 0 2 S0 0
4 S0 1 4 E0 0
• Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network
• Configuration required
• Uses configured information to identify paths to networks
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-31
Routers: Operate at the
Network Layer
• Broadcast control
• Multicast control
• Optimal path
determination
• Traffic management
• Logical addressing
• Connects to WAN
services
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-32
Using Routers to Provide
Remote Access
Modem or ISDN TA
Telecommuter
Mobile User
Branch Office
Main Office
Internet
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-33
Transport Layer Functions
• Distinguishes between
upper layer applications
Transport
• Establishes end-to-end
connectivity between TCP UDP SPX
applications
• Defines flow control
Network
IP IPX
• Provides reliable or
unreliable services for
data transfer
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-34
Reliable Transport Layer
Functions
Sender Receiver
Synchronize
Acknowledge, Synchronize
Acknowledge
Connection Established
Data Transfer
(Send Segments)
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-35
Network Device Domains
Hub Bridge Switch Router
Collision Domains:
1 4 4 4
Broadcast Domains:
1 1 1 4
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-36
Product Selection
Considerations
• Provides functionality and features you need
today
• Capacity and performance
• Easy installation and centralized management
• Provides network resiliency
• Investment protection in existing infrastructure
• Migration path for change and growth
• Seamless access for mobile users and
branch offices
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-37
Product Selection
Considerations (cont.)
• First select WAN
technology solutions
based on the following:
Cost per
Modem/ISDN
Month
– Availability of service
Leased Line, T1
– Bandwidth requirement
Frame Relay
– Cost
• Second, choose products
0 Usage
that support selected WAN
solutions
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-38
Catalyst Switch Products
Selection Issues:
• Need for 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, or 1000 Mbps on Catalyst
media 8500 series
• Need for trunking and inter-switch links Catalyst
5000 series
• Workgroup segmentation (VLANs)
Catalyst
• Port density needs 2900 series
Wiring
• Different user interfaces Catalyst Closet/Backbone
3000 series Solutions
Catalyst 2900
series XL
Catalyst
1900/2820 series Desktop/Workgroup
Solutions
Cisco 1548 Micro
Switch 10/100
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-39
Cisco Router Products
Cisco
Selection Issues: 12000 GSR
Series
• Scale of the routing features needed Cisco
7000
• Port density/variety requirements Cisco Series
AS 4000
• Capacity and performance 5000 Series
Series
Cisco
• Common user interface 3600
Cisco Series
2600 Central Site Solutions
Cisco Series
2500
Cisco Series
1600/1700 Branch Office Solutions
Cisco Series
700/800
Series Small Office Solutions
Home Office Solutions
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-40
Visual Objective
Use the product selection tool to
select Cisco Equipment
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-41
Summary
After completing this chapter, you should
be able to perform the following tasks:
• Describe how data moves through a network
• Identify the roles and functions of routers,
switches and hubs, and specify where each
device best fits in the network
• Select the appropriate Cisco equipment for a
network that combines switching, routing and
remote access requirements
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND v1.0a—2-42
