HEATH TEACHING:
RABIES, PTB,
HIV
BSN 2 TRAVELBEE GROUP
What is
It is Rabies?
a vaccine-preventable,
zoonotic, viral disease
affecting the central
nervous system.
Transmissio
Through
n
bites or
scratches from infected
animals (e.g., dogs, cats,
bats). The virus spreads
through saliva.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
EARLY
HEADACHE
WEAKNESS
FEVER
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: LATE
PARALYSIS
HYDRPHOBIA COMA
DIFFICULTY
SWALLOWING HALLUCINATIONS
DEATH
PREVENTION
VACCINATION
IMMEDIATE
WOUND
WASHING
SEEK MEDICAL
HELP AFTER
ANIMAL BITE
Pulmonary
Tuberculosis (PTB)
is a contagious bacterial infection
(Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that involves the
lungs.
Mode of Transmission
PTB spreads through the air when people with
active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak,
or sing, releasing tiny airborne droplets
containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
SIGNS &
Persistent SYMPTOMS Weight Loss
Cough & Anorexia
Sputum Fever
Productio &
n Malaise
Hemoptysis
Night
(Coughing up
Sweats
blood) Breathlessnes
Diagnosi
s
Chest radiography (X-ray, CT scan) to
differentiate primary and reactivation TB.
Sputum culture for detecting
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Nucleic acid amplification tests
(NAATs) for rapid detection.
Tuberculin skin test (TST) to assess latent
infection.
Routine laboratory tests are
often not conclusive.
Prevention
Vaccination Prompt treatment
Respiratory Isolation Early diagnosis
Treatment
Category 1 Treatment (New TB
Cases)
Designed for newly diagnosed PTB patients. Consists of a
6-month regimen:
Intensive Phase (2 months): Isoniazid (H), Rifampicin (R),
Pyrazinamide (Z), and Ethambutol (E).
Continuation Phase (4 months): Isoniazid (H) and
Rifampicin (R).
High success rate (over 85%), especially in drug-
susceptible TB cases.
Treatment
Category 2 Treatment (Previously
treated Cases)
For patients who have relapsed or failed previous treatments.
8-month regimen including:
Intensive Phase (3 months): Addition of Streptomycin (S) to
HRZE.
Continuation Phase (5 months): HRZE therapy continuation.
Lower success rates due to possible drug resistance and
patient non-compliance
Human
Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV)
is a virus that attacks the body's
immune system, specifically targeting
CD4 cells (T cells), which help fight
infections. If left untreated, HIV can
weaken the immune system over
time, making the body more
vulnerable to infections and
diseases.
Human
Immunodeficienc
y Virus (HIV)
Chest radiography (X-ray, CT scan) to differentiate primary
and reactivation TB.
Sputum culture for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for rapid detection.
Tuberculin skin test (TST) to assess latent infection.
Routine laboratory tests are often not conclusive.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
•Fever •Fatigue
•Sore throat •Muscle and
•Swollen lymph joint
pain
node •Night
s sweats
•Ras •Mouth ulcers
h
Diagnosis
1. Initial Screening:
•HIV Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) / Enzyme Immunoassays (EIAs)
•Detects HIV-1/2 antibodies and/or p24 antigen
•Reactive (positive) results require confirmatory testing
2. Confirmatory Testing:
•Second & Third RDTs/EIAs (different antigenic compositions)
•Reactive on all three tests → HIV confirmed
•Non-reactive third test → HIV negative
3. Result Interpretation:
•Positive Diagnosis: Reactive on all three tests
•Negative Diagnosis: Non-reactive initial test
•Inconclusive: Discordant results → Repeat testing after 14 days
Special
Considerations
Acute HIV: Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) or
p24 antigen detection.
Infants <18 months: Virological tests
(PCR) due to maternal antibodies.
HIV Treatment : Antiretroviral Therapy - ART
1. Goals of HIV Treatment
Suppress viral load (<50 copies/mL)
Restore & maintain immune function (↑CD4 count)
Reduce morbidity, mortality & transmission
2. ART Regimens - Combination therapy (≥3 drugs from ≥2 classes)
NRTIs (TDF, 3TC, ABC) – Prevent viral DNA synthesis NNRTIs (EFV,
NVP) – Block reverse transcriptase PIs (DRV, ATV) – Prevent virus
maturation
INSTIs (DTG, RAL) – Block viral DNA integration
Entry Inhibitors (MVC, T-20) – Prevent cell entry
3. First-Line ART (WHO & CDC)
Preferred: DTG + TDF/TAF + 3TC/FTC
Alternatives: BIC/FTC/TAF, EFV-based, PI-based
4. Special Considerations
Pregnancy: DTG-based regimen, PMTCT with AZT/NVP for
newborns
HIV-TB Co-infection: Adjust ART (double DTG dose)
PEP (Post-Exposure): 28-day regimen (TDF + 3TC/FTC + DTG)
PrEP (Pre-Exposure): Daily TDF/FTC for high-risk individuals
5. Monitoring & Side Effects
Tests: Viral load (3-6 months), CD4, liver/kidney function
Side Effects:
NRTIs – Kidney toxicity, hypersensitivity
NNRTIs – CNS effects, rash
PIs – Metabolic syndrome
INSTIs – Weight gain, insomnia
5. Drug Resistance & Second-Line ART If failure: PI-based (DRV/r
+ 2 NRTIs) or DTG-based regimen
Genotypic resistance testing recommended
Managemen
t
Managing HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
means taking steps to control the virus and keep it
from damaging the immune system. Here's a simple
explanation of how HIV is managed:
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): The main treatment for HIV
is a combination of medicines called ART. These
medicines help lower the amount of HIV in the body
(called the viral load) and prevent the virus from
multiplying. Taking ART regularly helps people with
HIV live longer, healthier lives.
Managemen
t
Regular Check-ups: People with HIV need to see
their doctor regularly to check how well the
treatment is working, monitor the immune
system (CD4 count), and test the viral load to
ensure it's low or undetectable.
Healthy Lifestyle: Eating well, staying active,
and avoiding things that could weaken the
immune system (like smoking or drinking too
much alcohol) can help people with HIV stay
strong.
Managemen
t Health: Managing the stress or
Mental
emotions that come with living with HIV is
important. Getting support from friends,
family, or counselors can help.
Preventing HIV Spread: If you’re on ART and
have an undetectable viral load, the risk of
passing the virus to others is very low. It's
important to practice safe behaviors, like
using condoms, to prevent HIV
transmission.
