Ecosystems &
Ecology
Ekosisteme &
Ekologie
Chapter 2 / Hoofstuk 2
INTRODUCTION / INLEIDING
– Plants are dependent on the environment to provide them with the raw
materials to make food
Plante is afhanklik van die omgewing om hulle van die rou materiale te
voorsien om kos te vervaardig
– Animals are dependent on the plants directly or indirectly for their food
Diere is direk of indirek afhanklik van plante vir hulle kos
– Therefore there are interdependent relationships between living things and
their environments
Dus bestaan daar interafhanklike verhoudings tussen lewende dinge en hulle
omgewings
EKSTRA BLAD TERME / EXTRA PAGE TERMS
– Ecology / Ekologie
– Organism / Organisme
– Population / Bevolking
– Community / Gemeenskap
– Ecosystem / Ekostelsel
– Habitat
– The environment / Die omgewing
– Interdependence / Onderlinge afhanklikheid
TERME / TERMS
– Species: Group of organisms that look the same and can interbreed to produce
fertile offspring
Spesie: Groep organismes wat dieselfde lyk, met mekaar kan teel en vrugbare
nasate voortbring.
– Ecologist: A scientist who studies the relationships between organisms and
between organisms and their environment
Ekoloog: ‘n Wetenskaplike wat die verwantskap tussen verskillende organismes
met mekaar en met hul omgewing bestudeer
Atmosfeer
Biosfeer
Hidrosfeer
Litosfeer
Spheres of the Earth
Sfere van die Aarde
Biosfeer
Sfeer waarin alle lewende dinge voorkom
Biosphere
Sphere in which all living things are found
Litosfeer Hidrosfeer
Atmosfeer
Al die landmassas van die Al die water gedeeltes van
Al die lug gedeeltes van die
Aarde die Aarde
Aarde
Lithosphere Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
All the land masses on the All the water sources on
All the air part of the Earth the Earth
Earth
FACTORS IN ECOSYSTEMS
FAKTORE BINNE EKOSISTEME
– ABIOTIC FACTORS / ABIOTIESE FAKTORE
Non-living things in an ecosystem
Nie-lewende dinge in ‘n ekostelsel
– BIOTIC FACTORS / BIOTIESE FAKTORE
Living things in an ecosystem
Lewende dinge in ‘n ekostelsel
ABIOTIC FACTORS /
ABIOTIESE FAKTORE
These factors affect the way in
which living organisms grow and
carry out their different
activities.
Hierdie faktore beïnvloed die
manier waarop lewende
organismes groei en aktiwiteite
uitvoer.
If these factors are not suitable
for the organism living in the
area they will struggle to
survive.
As hierdie faktore nie geskik is
vir die organisme wat in daardie
gebied bly nie, sal hulle nie kan
oorleef nie.
ABIOTIC FACTORS /
ABIOTIESE FAKTORE
Air & Wind
Lug & Wind
Temperature & Sunlight
Temperatuur & Sonlig
Soil & Rocks
Grond & Klippe
Gradient
Helling
Water / Rain
BIOTIC FACTORS /
BIOTIESE FAKTORE
Plants
Plante
Animals
Diere
AIR / LUG OEFENING / EXERCISE
TEMP.
BEES / BYE
BIRD / VOËL
SLOPE / HELLING
DEER / BOK
TREES / BOME
GRASS / GRAS SOIL / GROND
ROCKS / KLIPPE
FISH / VIS
WATER
KEYWORDS
SLEUTELWOORDE
– Abiotic factors / Abiotiese faktore
– Biotic factors / Biotiese faktore
– Physiographic / Fisiografiese faktore
– Altitude / Hoogte bo seespieël
– Gradient / Helling
– Habitat
FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
VOEDSELVERHOUDINGS
– All the biotic components in an ecosystem need energy to sustain themselves
Al die biotiese komponente in ‘n ekostelsel het energie nodig om hulle te
onderhou
– They get this energy from food
Hulle verkry hierdie energie uit voedsel
– This energy flows between organisms in a ecosystem
Dié energie vloei tussen die organismes in ‘n ekostelsel
PRODUCER / PRODUSEERDER
Plants & some bacteria
Plante en sommige bakterieë
Able to produce their own food
Kan hulle eie kos vervaardig
Through photosynthesis
Deur fotosintese
Beginning of a food chain
Begin van ’n voedselketting
Energy comes from the sun
Energie kom vanaf die son
Also called autotrophs
Word ook outotrowe genoem
CONSUMER / VERBRUIKER
Animals
Diere
Cannot produce their own food
Kan nie hulle eie kos vervaardig nie
Rely on plants directly or indirectly
Direk of indirek van plante
afhanklik
Also called heterotrophs
Word ook heterotrowe genoem
Consumers are grouped according
to what they eat
Verbruikers word gegroepeer na
gelang van wat hulle eet
DECOMPOSER / ONTBINDER
Break down the remains of dead
plants and animals
Breek die oorblyfsels van dooie plante
en diere af
Return nutrients to the soil (recycle)
Sit voedingstowwe en nutriënte terug
in die grond (herwin)
May be microscopic (small) like
bacteria
Mag mikroskopies klein wees soos
bakterieë
May be macroscopic (large) like
earthworms or mushrooms
Mag makroskopies groot wees soos
erdwurms of sampioene
Also called saprophytes
Word ook saprofiete genoem
Spinnekop
C
D P
Bakterieë
Palm
C
Miere
C
P Stinkmuishond
P D
Kruiper plant Sampioene
Denneboom
Groen padda
C Lugplant
P C
P
Vlieë wat sampioene
Spaanse mos
eet
FOOD CHAINS – WHO EATS WHAT?
VOEDSELKETTINGS – WIE EET WAT?
Can you see a food chain in this habitat?
FOOD CHAINS
VOEDSELKETTINGS
Leaf Caterpillar Bird Fox
Blaar Ruspe Voël Jakkals
Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer
Produseerder Primêre verbruiker Sekondêre verbruiker Tersiêre verbruiker
Leaf Caterpillar Bird Fox
Blaar Ruspe Voël Jakkals
Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer
Produseerder Primêre verbruiker Sekondêre verbruiker Tersiêre verbruiker
The direction of energy flow is indicated by the arrows
Die ringting van energievloei word deur die pyltjies aangedui
Decomposers are usually the last link in the food chain, but are found on all levels
Ontbinders is gewoonlik die laaste skakel in die voedselketting, maar word op alle
vlakke aangetref
What is the food chain in this habitat?
LEAF CATERPILLAR BIRD CAT
BLAAR RUSPE VOËL KAT
Producer Primary Secondary Tertiary
Produseerder Consumer Consumer Consumer
Primêre Sekondêre Tersiêre
verbruiker verbruiker verbruiker
1 – Light energy / Ligenergie
2 – Photosynthesis / Fotosintese
3 – Oxygen / Suurstof
4 – Respiration / Respirasie
5 – Carbon Dioxide / Koolstofdioksied
WHAT IS A FOOD WEB?
WAT IS ’N VOEDSELWEB?
– Animals usually eat many different things and are involved in lots of different
food chains:
– Food chains can be put together in a food web
– Which shows how the food chains are connected.
WHAT IS A FOOD WEB?
WAT IS ’N VOEDSELWEB?
– Diere eet gewoonlik baie verskillende dinge en is dus betrokke by verskillende
voedselkettings:
– Voedselkettings kan saamgevoeg word in ’n voedselweb
– Wat wys hoe die voedselkettings verbind is
WHAT IS A FOOD WEB?
WAT IS ’N VOEDSELWEB?
Why is it a good idea for an organism to have different sources of food?
Waarom is dit ’n goeie idee vir ’n organisme om verskillende
voedselbronne te hê?
Reliance on only one source of food can be a problem if that food source should
disappear for some reason e.g. extinction.
Om afhanklik te wees van een voedselbron alleenlik kan ’n probleem word indien
daardie voedselbron sou verdrywn vir enige rede bv. uitwissing
Many food sources are not available all year round, so alternative sources of nutrition
are needed.
Baie voedselbronne is nie heel jaar beskikbaar nie, dus benodig diere ander bronne
van kos.
Using a food web
1. Name the producer in this food web.
Noem die produseerder in die voedselweb.
Daisy / Blomme
2. Name two herbivores in this food web.
Noem twee herbivore in die voedselweb.
Aphid / Muis /
Mot / Moth Mouse
Plantluis
3. Name two species that are top carnivores.
Noem twee spesies wat top karnivore is.
Uil / Owl Stoat / Muishond
4. How many secondary consumers are there?
Hoeveel sekondêre verbruikers is daar?
5
DISTURBANCES IN THE FOOD CHAIN
VERSTEURINGS IN VOEDSELKETTINGS
– Nearly every species of animal is dependent on a number of other species for survival.
Byna elke dierspesie is afhanklik van ’n verskeidenheid ander spesies vir oorlewing.
– Human activity is damaging the natural habitats.
Menslike aktiwiteite vernietig natuurlike habitatte.
– This will not only affect the animals in the area, but it could have far-reaching effects on the
rest of the species in the food web.
Dit affekteer nie net die area van die dier nie, maar kan ook verreikende gevolge hê op die
res van die voedselweb.
– If the population of a species declines dramatically how might this affect the other species
that depend upon it?
As die populasie van spesies dramaties afneem, hoe sal dit die ander organismes wat
daarvan afhanklik is affekteer?
ENERGIE PIRAMIEDES
ENERGY PYRAMIDS
ENERGIE PIRAMIEDES
ENERGY PYRAMIDS
– Some of the energy is lost as it moves from the one trophic level to the next
Van die energie gaan verlore as dit van die een trofiese vlak na die volgende beweeg
– This energy is transferred / lost to the environment
Hierdie energie word aan die omgewing oorgedra
– Energy is lost via / Energie gaan verlôre deur:
1. Cellular respiration / Sellulêre respirasie
2. Gaseous exchange / Gaswisseling
3. Excretion (Producing urine) / Uitskeiding (Produsering van uriene)
4. Maintaining body temperature / Handhawing van liggaamtemperatuur
5. Movement / Beweging
ENERGIE PIRAMIEDES
ENERGY PYRAMIDS
– Therefore not all the energy will be transferred from one trophic level to the
next
Dus gaan nie al die energie van een trofiese vlak na die volgende oorgedra word
nie
– Energy is diminished / is reduced as one moves up a food pyramid / food chain
Energie word minder soos wat dit teen die piramiede / voedselketting op
beweeg
– Therefore the number or organisms higher up in the food chain also become
less!!
Dus raak die aantal organismes hoër op in die piramiede / voedselketting ook
minder!
BALANCE IN THE ECOSYSTEM
BALANS IN DIE EKOSISTEEM
Natural factors (droughts & floods, lack of food)
Natuurlike faktore (droogtes en vloede, tekort aan voedsel)
Human factors / Menslike faktore
• Poaching / Stropery
• Pollution / Besoedeling
• Climate change / Klimaatsverandering
POACHING / STROPERY
The illegal removal or killing of a protected plant or animal
for economic gain
Die onwettige verwydering of vernietiging (dood maak) van
‘n beskermde plant of dier vir finansiële gewin
ADAPTATIONS / AANPASSINGS
– Organisms need to have special features which help them to survive in their
habitat.
Organismes benodig spesiale eienskappe wat hulle help om te oorleef in
hulle omgewing.
– These special features are called ADAPTATIONS.
Hierdie spesiale eienskappe word AANPASSINGS genoem.
– Let’s look at some ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS
Kom ons kyk na ’n paar DIERAANPASSINGS
Camouflage / Kamoflering
Colour Mechanisms /
Kleur meganismes
Mimicry / Mimikrie
Non-venomous Kingsnake mimics venomous coral snake
Nie-giftige Koningslag boots die giftige koraal slang na.
Mimicry / Mimikrie
PLANT AANPASSINGS / PLANT ADAPTATIONS
– Plants are adapted for the amount of water they receive.
Plante is aangepas vir die aantal water wat hulle ontvang.
– Xerophytes: Plants that are found in dry parts of the country.
Xerofiete: plante wat in droë dele van die land voorkom.
Voorbeelde / Examples:
Kaktusse, aalwyne en
doringbome / Cacti, aloes
and thorn trees
XEROFIETE / XEROPHYTES
Plants must ensure that:
• they absorb water fast when it is available.
• they store water.
• they lose as little as possible of their water
Plante moet verseker dat:
• water vinnig geabsorbeer word wanneer dit beskikbaar is;
• water kan gestoor/geberg word;
• so min as moontlik water gaan verlore.
Openings on the surface of a leaf, through which
gasses and water vapour can be lost. Water
vapour is lost through transpiration.
Transpirasie: Die verlies
van waterdamp uit die
blare van ’n plant.
Transpiration: The loss of
water vapour from the
leaves of a plant.
Sunken Stomata / Ingesinkde (versonke) stomata
HIDROFIETE / HYDROPHYTES
Hydrophytes are plants that are exposed to a lot of water.
Hidrofiete is plante wat aan baie water blootgestel word.
Examples / Voorbeelde
Bulrushes, water lilies and water hyacinth
Palmiete, waterlelies en waterhiasinte
CONSERVATION / BEWARING
Pg. 32 / Bl. 32
CONSERVATION / BEWARING
Does not mean that you don’t use a resource at all
you just use it in a sensitive and sensible / sustainable way!
Beteken nie om die hulpbron glad nie te gebruik nie
net in ‘n sensitiewe en verstandige manier!
CONSERVATION / BEWARING
Protect biodiversity: HOW? / Bewaar biodiversiteit: HOE?
1. Protect whole ecosystems / Beskerm hele ekostelsels
2. Store a part of a living organism / Stoor dele of die hele organisme
3. Taking the living organism out of its habitat and keeping it in a protected
environment / breeding programmes
Haal organismes uit habitat en hou in bewaring / teelprogramme
4. Protective legislation / Beskermende wetgewing
5. Create awareness / Ontwikkel bewustheid
6. *Use resources in a sustainable way / Gebruik hulpbronne in ‘n volhoubare
manier
7. *Reduce irresponsible human activities / behaviour
Verminder onverantwoordellike menslike praktyke / gedrag
