PETROLOGY

OBJECTIVES:
1.To understand rock formation; Identify and analyze the processes that
shape the Earth's crust.

2. To analyze rock composition and describe mineral composition and

textures of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

3. Use petrological evidence to understand the Earth's evolution.

4. Apply Petrological Knowledge. Explore natural resources, mitigate

geological hazards, and design infrastructure.
 PETROLOGY
Is the study of rocks : Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary
an the processes that form and transform them . Mineralogy
is the study of the chemistry, Crystal structure and Physical
properties of the mineral constituents if rocks.

What is Igneous
Igneous rocksRocks?
form when molten rock ( magma or lava) cools
and solidifies.Igneous rocks are formed either underground
( intrusive ) or above the ground ( extrusive ). The name
igneous is derived from the Latin word "ignis" meaning fire .
Extrusive igneous rocks are form from magma that cools and
solidifies below the earth surface
 What is Igneous
Igneous rocks form whenRocks?
molten rock ( magma or lava) cools
and solidifies.Igneous rocks are formed either underground
( intrusive ) or above the ground ( extrusive ). The name
igneous is derived from the Latin word "ignis" meaning fire .
Extrusive igneous rocks are form from magma that cools and
solidifies below the earth surface
 GRANITE
Granite is a course-crystalline felsic intrusive rock. The
presence of quartz is a good indicator of granite. Granite
commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium
feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible
cleavage planes. Granite is a good approximation for the
continental crust, both in density and composition.
 SYENITE
Syenite is a coarse-grained
intrusive igneous rock with a
general composition similar to that
of granite, but deficient in quartz,
which, if present at all, occurs in
relatively small concentrations (<
5%). It is considered a granitoid.
Some syenites contain larger
proportions of mafic components
and smaller amounts of felsic
material than most granites; those
are classed as being of
intermediate composition.
 DIORITE
Diorite is a coarse-crystalline
intermediate intrusive igneous
rock. Diorite is identifiable by it’s
Dalmatian-like appearance of black
hornblende and biotite and white
plagioclase feldspar. It is found in
its namesake, the Andes
Mountains as well as the Henry
and Abajo mountains of Utah.
Andesite is a fine crystalline
intermediate extrusive rock. It is
commonly grey and porphyritic. It
can be found in the Andes
Mountains and in some island arcs.
 GABBRO
Gabbro is a dark-colored, coarse-grained
intrusive igneous rock consisting mainly of
augite and plagioclase feldspar with small
percentages of olivine. Gabbro occurs in
oceanic and continental crust, especially in
thick lava flows and deep plutons where
the magma slowly crystallizes. It is
extensively utilized in construction for
countertops, tiles, cemetery monuments,
and facing stones. Gabbro is also used as
crushed stone in road building, ballast for
railroads, and other civil engineering
construction. Economically, gabbro may
include economically viable minerals like
ilmenite for the extraction of titanium,
nickel, chromium, and platinum.
 PEGMATITE
Pegmatite is an extreme igneous rock
that occurs in the last stage of
magma crystallization, distinguished
by having exceedingly large crystals
and unusual minerals. Pegmatite
mining operations tend to be small-
scale because they are small and
sparse in size. Though pegmatite has
restricted commercial applications as
a building stone, it is sometimes
quarried for dimension stone and
marketed as "granite" for
countertops and decoration.
 DOLERITE
Dolerite, also known as diabase, is a type of
igneous rock that typically appears dark
gray to black with a fine- to medium-grained
texture. Dolerite forms when magma cools
rapidly beneath the Earth's surface, often
resulting in geological structures called
dikes and sills, where the rock intrudes into
existing layers. Due to its durability and
strength, dolerite is frequently used in
construction, including as crushed stone for
road building and as an aggregate in
concrete. Additionally, it is valued for its
aesthetic appeal in building facades and
decorative stonework. Overall, dolerite is a
versatile rock with both geological and
practical significance.
 BASALT
Basalt is a common and widely
occurring type of igneous rock. It is
typically dark in color, often black or
dark gray, and has a fine-grained
texture, meaning its mineral crystals
are usually too small to be seen with
the naked eye. Basalt forms from the
rapid cooling of basaltic lava at or
near the Earth's surface. This type of
lava is rich in iron and magnesium
and has a low viscosity, which allows
it to flow easily and create extensive
lava flows
 What is Sedimentary Rocks?
Sedimentary rocks originate when particles settle out of
water or air ,or by precipitation of minerals From
water.Sedimentary rocks are used as building stones,
although they are not as hard as igneous or metamorphic
rocks. Sedimentary rocks are used in construction. Sand and
gravel are used to make concrete; they are also used in
asphalt. Many economically valuable resources come from
sedimentary rocks.
 SANDSTONE
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock
composed of sand-size grains of
mineral, rock, or organic material. It
also contains a cementing material
that binds the sand grains together
and may contain a matrix of silt- or
clay-size particles that occupy the
spaces betweenthe sand grains.
Sandstone is one of the most
common types of sedimentary rock,
and it is found in sedimentary basins
throughout the world.
 LIMESTONE
Limestone is usually a biological
sedimentary rock, forming from the
accumulation of shell, coral, algal,
fecal, and other organic debris. It
can also form by chemical
sedimentary processes, such as the
precipitation of calcium carbonate
from lake or ocean water. A dark
gray, fine-grained specimen of the
Middle Mississippian Greenbrier
Limestone from Randolph County,
eastern West Virginia. Specimen
shown is about two inches (five
centimeters) across.
 SHALE
Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary
rock that forms from the compaction
of silt and clay-sized mineral
particles, commonly called "mud."
This makes shale a type of
mudstone. Some shales contain
organic material that can break down
into natural gas or oil. Others can be
crushed and mixed with water to
create clay, which is used to make
bricks, roof tiles, and terra cotta
pots. In the past, these products
were made from natural clay. shale is
a key material in producing clay-
based products.
 BRECCIA
Breccia is a rock made of big, sharp
pieces that are stuck together by
smaller particles and natural cement.
It forms when broken rock pieces pile
up in places like the bottom of cliffs,
streams, or alluvial fans. Breccia is
not very useful and is mostly used as
filler or road base because its
strength and makeup change
 CONGLOMERATE
Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock
made of rounded pebbles and sand
held together by silica, calcite, or
iron oxide. It is similar to sandstone
but has larger, rounded rock pieces
instead of fine sand. It forms in
riverbeds or coastal areas, where
water smooths the rock fragments
before they get cemented together.
Conglomerate is coarse-grained and
can look like concrete. It is found in
thick layers underground and can
hold water or petroleum. It is
sometimes used as a decorative
stone in construction.
 What is MetamorphicRocks?
Metamorphic rocks result when existing rocks are change by
heat, pressure,or reactive fluids , such as hot , mineral-laiden
water. Most rocks are made of minerals containing silicon and
oxygen the most abundant elements in the earth's
crust .They are frequently chosen for building materials and
artwork.
 QUARTZITE
The quartzite forms in regional
metamorphism of feldspar and
quartz sandstone, siltstone, chert,
and rarely in quartz-rich pegmatite
veins.The quartzites are widely
available, massive, compact, hard,
cheap.It is formed from quartz-rich
sedimentary rocks like sandstone
under high-pressure and high-
temperature conditions. It is
resistant to weathering and
commonly used in construction
materials like walls, flooring, and
countertops.
 MARBLE
Marble is a metamorphic rock
formed when limestone is exposed
to high temperatures and pressures.
While marble can appear
superficially similar to quartzite.The
name "marble" is used in a different
way in the dimension stone trade.
Any crystalline carbonate rock that
has an ability to accept a polish is
called "marble."Marble is used for
many purposes, including
architecture, sculpture, decoration,
and more.
 GNEISS
Gneiss is a common and widely
distributed type of high-grade
metamorphic rocks.Metamorphic
Gneiss has many uses as a building
material such as flooring,
ornamental stones, gravestones,
facing stones on buildings and work
surfaces.Gneiss is a hard and
durable rock, often used in
construction due to its ability to
withstand weathering.
 SCHIST
is another type of metamorphic
rock, but it's characterized by its
pronounced schistosity. This means
the rock is easily split into thin
flakes or plates due to the parallel
alignment of platy minerals like
mica, talc, chlorite, or graphite.
These platy minerals are often
interleaved with more granular
minerals like feldspar or quartz.
Schist typically forms during
regional metamorphism, often
associated with mountain building.
 Why Rock Identification is
Proper identification important?
of rocks and minerals is important
because it helps in understanding the geological history of an
area, identifying mineral deposits, and determining the
suitability of rocks for various construction purposes.

The types of rocks used depending on the project are

especially important, as every specific type of rock serves its
own purpose. Some rocks are better for strength and
structure while others are superior for design and function,
and it is important that the head of the project know precisely
which materials to use.
THANK YOU!