INTRODUCTION

JAVA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

 Problem Solving Using Computer Program

 Problem defining: Make sure you understand the thing you want to solve.

 Analysis: Determine inputs, outputs, and relevant factors for the defined problem

 Design: Describe the methods used for solving the defined problem. Provide a detailed process
required to be done in order to go from taking the inputs to producing the outputs.

 Implementation: Write the code corresponding to the design. You can always go back to improve
earlier steps so that the code can be written in an efficient fashion.

 Testing: Test the program whether it delivers the correct results. You may need to prepare some
test cases, in which you know the expected outputs for a set of test inputs. If any outputs do not
appear as expected, go back to the analysis and design steps. Once you are sure that they are
done correctly, the problem is likely to be caused by ‘bugs’ in the code. Never deliver your code
without carefully testing it.
 Introduction to Java Platform
What is Java?

• Java is a programming language and a computing platform for application

development. It was first released by Sun Microsystem in 1995 and later
acquired by Oracle Corporation. It is one of the most used programming
languages.

What is Java Platform?

Java platform is a collection of programs that help to develop and run programs
written in the Java programming language. Java platform includes an execution
engine, a compiler, and a set of libraries. JAVA is platform-independent
language. It is not specific to any processor or operating system.
 Java is:
 Object Oriented: In Java, everything is an Object. Java can be easily extended since it is based on the Object model.
 Platform Independent: Unlike many other programming languages including C and C++, when Java is compiled, it is not
compiled into platform specific machine, rather into platform independent byte code. This byte code is distributed over the
web and interpreted by the Virtual Machine (JVM) on whichever platform it is being run on.
 Simple: Java is designed to be easy to learn. If you understand the basic concept of OOP Java, it would be easy to master.
 Secure: With Java's secure feature it enables to develop virus-free, tamper-free systems. Authentication techniques are based
on public-key encryption.
 Architecture-neutral: Java compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format, which makes the compiled code
executable on many processors, with the presence of Java runtime system.
 Portable: Being architecture-neutral and having no implementation dependent aspects of the specification makes Java
portable. Compiler in Java is written in ANSI C with a clean portability boundary, which is a POSIX subset.
 Robust: Java makes an effort to eliminate error prone situations by emphasizing mainly on compile time error checking and
runtime checking.
 Multithreaded: With Java's multithreaded feature it is possible to write programs that can perform many tasks
simultaneously. This design feature allows the developers to construct interactive applications that can run smoothly.
 Interpreted: Java byte code is translated on the fly to native machine instructions and is not stored anywhere. The
development process is more rapid and analytical since the linking is an incremental and light-weight process.
 High Performance: With the use of Just-In-Time compilers, Java enables high performance .
 Distributed: Java is designed for the distributed environment of the internet.
 Dynamic: Java is considered to be more dynamic than C or C++ since it is designed to adapt to an evolving environment.
THERE ARE FOUR PLATFORMS OF THE JAVA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE :
Differences between Java EE and Java SE

Java technology is both a programming language and a platform. The Java programming language is a high-level object-oriented
language that has a particular syntax and style. A Java platform is a particular environment in which Java programming
language applications run.

 Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE)

 Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE)

 Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME)

 JavaFX.

Note: All Java platforms consist of a Java Virtual Machine (VM) and an application programming interface (API). The Java
Virtual Machine- is a program, for a particular hardware and software platform, that runs Java technology applications. An API- is a
collection of software components that you can use to create other software components or applications. Each Java platform provides a
virtual machine and an API, and this allows applications written for that platform to run on any compatible system with all the
advantages of the Java programming language:

 platform-independence.

 Power & stability.

 ease-of-development, and security.

 Java SE-When most people think of the Java programming language, they think of the Java SE API.
Java SE's API provides the core functionality of the Java programming language. It defines
everything from the basic types and objects of the Java programming language to high-level
classes that are used for networking, security, database access, graphical user interface (GUI)
development, and XML parsing.
In addition to the core API, the Java SE platform consists of a virtual machine, development tools,
deployment technologies, and other class libraries and toolkits commonly used in Java technology
applications.
 Java EE-The Java EE platform is built on top of the Java SE platform. The Java EE platform provides
an API and runtime environment for developing and running large-scale, multi-tiered, scalable,
reliable, and secure network applications.
 Java ME-The Java ME platform provides an API and a small-footprint virtual machine for running
Java programming language applications on small devices, like mobile phones. The API is a subset
of the Java SE API, along with special class libraries useful for small device application
development. Java ME applications are often clients of Java EE platform services.
 JavaFX-JavaFX is a platform for creating rich internet applications using a lightweight user-
interface API. JavaFX applications use hardware-accelerated graphics and media engines to take
advantage of higher-performance clients and a modern look-and-feel as well as high-level APIs for
connecting to networked data sources. JavaFX applications may be clients of Java EE platform
services.
Some examples of Java ME applications are given below:

• Calculator for Mobile which demonstrates the functionality of multi-threading.

• GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) applications.
• Location APIs, etc.
Some applications of JavaFX are given below:

• NEOS – New Eurovision Operations System used in the area of Television media.
• Quote Monitor application is used in the field of finance.
• GEONS Ground System Software (GGSS) Nasa is used in the field of space technology.
THE MOST USED FEATURES OF JAVA EE ARE:

Java Server Pages (JSP): It is a server-side programming language that makes possible to
construct dynamic, device-independent ways to build web-based applications.
Java Server Faces (JSF): The JSF API offers elements such as inputText, The most used features
of Java EE are: commandButtons, and others and assists in managing their states.
Additionally, it offers data translation, server-side validation, etc.
Java Persistence API (JPA): Java developers get access to an object/relational mapping
mechanism through the Java Persistence API, to manage relational data in Java applications.
Enterprise Java Beans (EJB): It is one of the many Java APIs used for the development of
corporate applications. EJB is a server-side software component that defines an application's
business logic.
CONCLUSION

 Java platforms are divided into four editions, Java Standard Edition (Java SE), Java Enterprise
Edition (Java EE), Java Micro Edition (Java ME), and JavaFX.
 The Java Standard Edition (Java SE) is made up of APIs that provide Java's fundamental
features like security, networking, GUI development, etc.
 The Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) was developed to expand the Java SE with the addition
of a collection of specifications that describe frequently used features by commercial
applications.
 The Java Micro Edition (Java ME) was developed to facilitate mobile and embedded device
applications.
 The JavaFX platform uses a simple API to enable the development of rich online applications.