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NdYag Laser Working 1

The Nd:YAG laser is a neodymium-based, four-level solid-state laser that emits a laser beam at a wavelength of 1.064μm when optically pumped by krypton flash tubes. It features a cylindrical rod made of Yttrium Aluminum Garnet with neodymium ions, and its construction includes a highly reflective elliptical cavity and two mirrors for optical resonance. Nd:YAG lasers are known for their high energy output and are used in various applications, including engineering and medical fields.

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Haidar Al-Khalidi
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90 views8 pages

NdYag Laser Working 1

The Nd:YAG laser is a neodymium-based, four-level solid-state laser that emits a laser beam at a wavelength of 1.064μm when optically pumped by krypton flash tubes. It features a cylindrical rod made of Yttrium Aluminum Garnet with neodymium ions, and its construction includes a highly reflective elliptical cavity and two mirrors for optical resonance. Nd:YAG lasers are known for their high energy output and are used in various applications, including engineering and medical fields.

Uploaded by

Haidar Al-Khalidi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nd:Yag Laser

Prepared by
Sajaa Nafeh Shawkat
Nd: YAG laser

Nd: YAG laser is a neodymium based laser. Nd stands for


Neodymium (rare earth element) and YAG stands for Yttrium
Aluminum Garnet ( Y3Al5 O12) . It is a four level solid state laser.

Principle:

The active medium Nd: YAG rod is optically pumped by Krypton


flash tubes. The Neodymium ions (Nd3+) are raised to excited
levels. During the transition from meta stable state to ground
state, a laser beam of wavelength 1.064μm is emitted.
Construction:

The construction of Nd: YAG laser is as shown in the figure 2.17.


A small amount of Yttrium ions (Y3+) is replaced by Neodymium
(Nd3+) in the active element of Nd: YAG crystal.

This active element is cut into a cylindrical rod. The ends of the
cylindrical rod are highly polished and they are made optically
flat and parallel. This cylindrical rod (laser rod) and a pumping
source (flash tube) are placed inside a highly (reflecting) elliptical
reflector cavity.

The optical resonator is formed by using two external reflecting


mirrors. One mirror (M1) is 100% reflecting while the other
mirror (M2) is partially reflecting.
Working:
. When the krypton flash lamp is switched on, by the absorption of light

radiation of wavelength 0.73μm and 0.8μm, the Neodymium(Nd3+) atoms are raised
from ground level E0 to upper levels E3and E4 (Pump bands).

2. The Neodymium ions atoms make a transition from these energy levels E2 by non-
radiative transition. E2 is a metastable state.

3. The Neodymium ions are collected in the level E2 and the population inversion is
achieved between E2 and E1.
4. An ion makes a spontaneous transition from E2 to E1, emitting a photon of
energy hγ. This emitted photon will trigger a chain of stimulated photons between
E2 and E1.
5. The photons thus generated travel back and forth between two mirrors and grow
in strength. After some time, the photon number multiplies more rapidly.
Characteristics:

1. Type: It is a four level solid state laser.

2. Active medium: The active medium is Nd: YAG laser.

3. Pumping method: Optical pumping is employed for pumping action.

4. Pumping source: Xenon or Krypton flash tube is used as pumping source.

5. Optical resonator: Two ends of Nd: YAG rod is polished with silver (one end is fully
silvered and the other is partially silvered) are used as optical resonator.

6. Power output: The power output is approximately 70 watt.

7. Nature of output: The nature of output is pulsed or continuous beam of light.

8. Wavelength of the output: The wavelength of the output beam is 1.06μm(infra-


red)
Advantages:

1. It has high energy output.

2. It has very high repetition rate operation

3. It is much easy to achieve population inversion.

Disadvantages:

The electron energy level structure of Nd3+ in YAG is complicated.

Applications:

1. It finds many applications in range finders and illuminators.


2. It is widely used in engineering applications such as resistor, trimming scribing,
micro machining operations as well as welding, drilling etc.

3. It finds many medical applications such as endoscopy, urology, neurosurgery, ENT,


gynecology, dermatology, dental surgery and general surgery.

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