INTRODUCTION
TO
GLOBALIZATION
OUTLINE
I. GLOBALIZATION
II. CHARACTERISTICS
III. HISTORICAL PERIODS
IV. DIMENSIONS
GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION
⬗ Globalization is the process in which people, ideas and
goods spread throughout the world, spurring more
interaction and integration between the world’s cultures,
governments and economies.
⬗ Globalization is a process of interaction and integration
among people, companies, and governments of different
nations, a process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information technology.
⬗ This process has effects on the environment, culture,
political systems, economic development and prosperity,
and on human physical well-being in societies around the
GLOBALIZATION
Example:
People are engaged in
buying and selling from
other places in far-away
lands like the famed Silk
Road across Central Asia
that connected China and
Europe during the Middle
Age for thousands of
years and they also
invested in enterprises in
other countries for
centuries.
GLOBALIZATION
According to Manfred Steger:
“Globalization is the expansion and
intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and
world-space.”
GLOBALIZATION
⬗ Expansion: creation of new social networks and the
increasing of existing connection
⬗ Intensification: stretching and acceleration of social
networks.
⬗ Social relations: blanket term for interactions between
two or more people, groups, or organizations. They are
composed of social, physical, and verbal interactions that
create a climate for the exchange of feelings and ideas.
⬗ Time and Space: in the contemporary era, distance and
time becomes less significant. People begin to feel that the
world has become smaller and distance has collapsed from
GLOBALIZATION
According to Arjun Appadurai:
“Globalization occur on multiple and
intersecting dimensions of integration –
‘scapes’.”
GLOBALIZATION
⬗ Ethnoscape: represent the movement of people
around the world
(Ex: refugees: people who have seek asylum from
danger in their homelands/people moving to seek jobs
elsewhere; tourists: people traveling to share and
experience different cultures).
⬗ Technoscapes: refers to the ways that technologies
help speed up cross-border movements
(Ex: handheld devices: the global movement of smart
phones, cameras and personal computing devices;
internet: technology helped us to connect across the
GLOBALIZATION
⬗ Financescapes: represent the movement of money
across borders
(Ex: stock exchange: trades of capital occur in
seconds all hours of the day across the global stock
exchanges; credit cards: works in most countries
around the world, for easier spending.)
⬗ Mediascapes: media has an increasingly global reach
(Ex: blogging: people can now get their news from
anyone with an internet connection; BBC: People
around the world rely on global news outlets like the BBC
to get their information.)
GLOBALIZATION
⬗ Ideoscapes: refers to the ideas, symbols and
narratives that have spread around the globe.
(Ex: the ideas of liberal democracy as one of the most
powerful ideologies in the world. This idea took root and
spread across the globe, leading to the decline of
monarchies)
CHARACTERISTICS OF
GLOBALIZATION
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Globalization involves both the creation of new
social networks and the multiplication of existing
connections that cut across traditional, political,
economic, cultural, and geographical boundaries.
Example:
⬗ 2019 FIBA World Cup: Today’s media combine
conventional TV coverage with multiple streaming feeds
into digital devices and networking sites that transcend
nationally based services.
CHARACTERISTICS
2. Globalization is reflected in the expansion and the
stretching of social relations, activities, and
connections.
Examples:
⬗ Opening of local fast food chains in other countries
⬗ Existence of electronics around the globe
⬗ Emergence of shopping malls in all continents to cater
to consumers who can afford commodities all over the
world-including products whose various components were
manufactured in different countries.
CHARACTERISTICS
3. Globalization involves the intensification and
acceleration of social exchanges and activities.
Examples:
⬗ The worldwide web relays distant information in real
time
⬗Satellites provide consumers with instant pictures of
remote events
⬗Sophisticated social networking by means of Facebook
or Twitter has become routine activity of people around the
globe.
CHARACTERISTICS
4. Globalization processes do not occur merely on an
objective, material level but they also involve the
subjective plane of human consciousness.
Globalization involves both the macro-structures of a global
community and the micro-structures of global personhood.
It extends deep into the core of the self and its dispositions,
facilitating the creation of multiple individual and collective
identities nurtured by the intensifying relations between the
personal and the global. They differ from each other by
acceleration in the speed of social exchanges and widening
of geographical scopes
HISTORICAL PERIODS
OF
GLOBALIZATION
HISTORICAL PERIODS
⬗ The Prehistoric Period (10000 BCE-3500 BCE)
In this earliest phase of globalization, contacts
among hunters and gatherers – who were spread
around the world – were geographically limited. In
this period due to absence of advanced forms of
technology, globalization was severely limited.
HISTORICAL PERIODS
⬗ The Pre-modern Period (3500 BCE- 1500 CE)
In this period the invention of writing and the
wheel were great social and technological boosts
that moved globalization to a new level. The
invention of wheel in addition to roads made the
transportation of people and goods more efficient.
On the other hand writing facilitated the spread of
ideas and inventions.
HISTORICAL PERIODS
⬗ The Early Modern Period (1500-1750)
It is the period between the Enlightenment and
the Renaissance. In this period, European
Enlightenment project tried to achieve a universal
form of morality and law. This with the emergence of
European metropolitan centers and unlimited
material accumulation which led to the capitalist
world system helped to strengthen globalization.
HISTORICAL PERIODS
⬗ The Modern Period (1750-1970)
Innovations in transportation and communication
technology, population explosion, and increase in
migration led to more cultural exchanges and
transformation in traditional social patterns. Process
of industrialization also accelerated.
HISTORICAL PERIODS
⬗ The Contemporary Period (from 1970 to
present)
The creation, expansion, and acceleration of
worldwide interdependencies occurred in a dramatic
way and it was a kind of leap in the history of
globalization.
DIMENSIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
DIMENSIONS
There are five dimensions in globalization.
These include: economic, political, cultural,
religious and ideological dimensions.
DIMENSIONS
Economic Dimension
This refers to the extensive development of
economic relations across the globe as a result
of technology and the enormous flow of capital
that has stimulated trade in both sources and
goods
DIMENSIONS
Major players in the global economic order:
⬗ Huge international corporations (General Motors,
Walmart, Mitsubishi)
⬗ International Economic Institutions (IMF, World
Bank, The World Trade Organization)
⬗ Trading Systems
DIMENSIONS
Political Dimension
This refers to an enlargement and
strengthening of political interrelations across
the globe
DIMENSIONS
Political Issues that Surface in this Dimension
⬗ The principle of state sovereignty
⬗ Increasing impact of various intergovernmental
organization
⬗ Future shapes of regional and global governance
DIMENSIONS
Cultural Dimension
This refers to the increase in the amount of
cultural flows across the globe. Cultural
interconnections are at the foundations of
contemporary globalization.
DIMENSIONS
Cultural diversity often results hybridization – a
constructive interaction process between global
and local characteristics which is often visible in
food, music, dance, film, fashion, and language.
As a result, there is a scarcely any society in the
world that expresses itself in its own self-
contained and authentic culture
DIMENSIONS
Media empires generated and directed the
extensive flow of culture. Examples of these are
Yahoo, Google, Microsoft, and Disney.
Advertisement plays an important role in this
cultural flow by featuring various celebrities in
the television aside from transforming newscast
into entertainment shows.
DIMENSIONS
Religious Dimension
Religion is a personal or institutionalized set of
attitudes, beliefs, and practices relating to or
manifesting faithful devotion to an acknowledged
ultimate reality or deity. It is the most important
defining element of any civilization as contrasted
with race, language, or way of life. As such, it is also
portrayed as a defining element in future conflicts.
Religion is certainly central to much of the strife
DIMENSIONS
Principles that summarize the Roman Catholic
Teachings:
⬗ Commitment to universal human rights
⬗ Commitment to the social nature of the human
person
⬗ Commitment to the common good
⬗ Solidarity (all bear responsibility for one another)
DIMENSIONS
Principles that summarize the Roman Catholic
Teachings:
⬗ Preferential option of the poor (In the Theology of the
Incarnation, Christ became poor for us so as to enrich
us by his poverty).
⬗ Subsidiary (The Church teaches that decisions should
be made at the lowest level in order to achieve the
common good)
⬗ Justice
DIMENSIONS
Ideological Dimensions
Ideology is a system of widely shared ideas, beliefs,
norms and values among a group of people. It is
often used to legitimize certain political interests or
to defend dominant power structures. Ideology
connects human actions with some generalized
claims.
DIMENSIONS
Globalization vs. Globalism
⬗ Globalization is a social process of intensifying global
interdependence while globalism is an ideology that
gives the concept of neo-liberal values and meanings
to globalization.
⬗ Globalization represents the many processes that
allow for the expansion and intensification of global
connections while globalism is a widespread belief
among powerful people that the global integration of
economic markets is beneficial for everyone since it
DIMENSIONS
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
Globalism
⬗ Globalization is about the liberalization and global
integration of markets.
The problem with this claim is that liberalization and
integration of markets happen through political
project of building free markets by interference of
centralized state power, and it is in contrast to the
neoliberal ideal of limited role of governments.
DIMENSIONS
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
Globalism
⬗ Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
Globalists believe that spread of market forces driven
by technological innovations is inevitable in
globalization. Neoliberals use this claim to convince
people to adopt the natural discipline of the market if
they want to prosper, which implies the elimination of
government controls over the market.
DIMENSIONS
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
Globalism
⬗ Nobody is in charge of globalization.
This claim seeks to depoliticize the public debate on
globalization and neutralizing anti-globalist movements.
DIMENSIONS
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
Globalism
⬗ Globalization benefits everyone.
Globalists talk about the benefits of market
liberalization such as rising global living standards,
economic efficiency, individual freedom, and
technological progress. But the reality is that the
opportunities of globalization are spread unequally and
power and wealth are concentrated among a specific
group of people, regions and corporations.
DIMENSIONS
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
Globalism
⬗ Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in
the world.
(For the globalists democracy and free markets are
synonymous.)
The neoliberal explanation of globalization is
ideological because it is politically motivated and
contributes to the construction of particular meanings
