Hardware Fundamental

Week 1-lab 1
 Safety Precautions When
Servicing a PC

• Safety Precautions
Safety precautions can be divided into four categories:
• The most important precautions
• Things to do before you start working on a computer
• Things to watch for while you are working on a
computer
• Things to do once you have finished working on a
computer
 The Most Important Safety
Precautions
• Know what you are doing
...and if you aren't sure then find out: read the manual,
check web sites, ask people.
• Make backups
If you lose data, you can recover it from your backups.
• Turn off the electricity
This will prevent electrocution and death.
• Do not open computer monitors!!!
They can build up large amounts of electricity. Only
properly trained technicians taking special precautions can
do this.
 •Before Working On a Computer

• Make backup copies of your data.

• Make a copy of your BIOS (CMOS) settings.
• Shut down the computer properly.
• Turn off the electricity to your computer at the wall.
Leave the power cord plugged in.
• Make sure that you have a clear work area.
• Wear an anti-static strap and connect the clip to the computer case.

• While You Are Working On a Computer

• Do not open a computer monitor.
• Handle components carefully.
• Handle components by the edges; avoid touching any metal contacts.
Keep components in their anti-static packaging until you are ready to use them.
• Watch for any screws or other metal objects that fall into the computer.
• Watch out for sharp edges inside the computer!
Once You Have Finished Working
On a Computer
• Make sure that no screws or other metal objects
have fallen in to the computer.
• Make sure that all components that need to be in
the computer are there!
• Make sure that all components are properly
secured.
PORTS
PORTS
DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung)

A variety of keyboard connectors

•DIN-5

IBM-PC

•PS2

Mini-DIN-6

http://www.nullmodem.com
DB-25 connector
• “D”-shaped shell, 25 pins
•Seemingly everywhere in the computer
Industry
•Serial / parallel / SCSI connections

DE-9 / D-sub 9 pin connector is often

mistakenly referred to as a “DB-9”
• “D”-shaped shell, 9 pins
• Used for a variety of purposes
• Serial / Video (IBM)
RJ_11 ,RJ-45
•Commonly used for network
cabling and for telephony
applications
•Under special circumstances it
can be used for serial
applications
 The Motherboard
Motherboard Communication
• The largest and most important circuit board: Also known as the
main board or system board
– Contains the CPU, expansion slots, memory , and other devices
• Categories used to group motherboard components
– Processing, temporary storage, communication, power
Motherboard Communication
• All devices communicate with CPU on motherboard
• A peripheral device links to motherboard via cable or wireless
• Some motherboard ports outside of the case:
– Keyboard, mouse, parallel, USB ports,
sound ports
 Form Factors
Form factors are industry standardized shapes and layouts
that enable motherboards to work with cases and power
supplies. Form factor specifies the physical dimensions of
major system components.
Typical AT
Typical ATX
ATX
 Difference Between AT & ATX
Motherboards
• Size and Orientation

• Both AT and ATX motherboards have been produced in various sizes

throughout the years.
• the form factors fit in different computer cases depending on their size.
• An ATX motherboard is positioned at a 90 degree angle from the
positioning of AT motherboards.
• As a result, you can never use an AT case with an ATX motherboard
because it will not fit.

• Power Use
• A notable difference between the ATX motherboard and the AT
motherboard is the addition of "sleep" mode to the ATX form factor.
• Sleep mode is a power management mode in which some of the
components are powered down to save power, but parts of the
computer remain ready to boot. The sleep mode reduces the use of
power when the computer is not in use, while still allowing you to
more quickly revive the computer and return to where you left off.
Difference Between AT & ATX Motherboards
• Power Connectors

• The power connectors also differ between AT and ATX motherboards.

• AT motherboards use (2x 6pin) 12-pin plugs to power the motherboard.
• An ATX motherboard uses one 20-pin/24-pin plug for the power supply.
• When using an ATX form factor motherboard, you must use an ATX power
supply.
• You can use the pin number to identify whether you have the correct power
supply for your motherboard.

• Connectors

• The outside connectors on the AT and ATX motherboards are the most visibly
noticeable difference between the two form factors.
• The AT form factor motherboard is limited to one outside connector, a five-pin
DIN connector for the keyboard.
• An ATX-style motherboard is built to incorporate many other connectors,
including connections for network cards, video cards, sound cards and
modems.
AT power Connector
 ATX Power
Connector

ATX 24 pin Power connector

20pin Atx power

ATX
Battery Power to CMOS Memory
• Types of CMOS batteries
• 3.6V lithium battery with a
four-pin connector; connects
with a Velcro strip
• 4.5V alkaline battery with a
four-pin connector; connects
with a Velcro strip
• 3.6V barrel-style battery with a
two-pin connector ; soldered
on.
• 3V lithium coin-cell battery
(most common)
The coin cell is the most
common type of CMOS
battery
CMOS is short for Complementary
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. CMOS
is an on-board semiconductor chip
powered by a CMOS battery inside
computers that stores information
such as the system time and system
settings for your computer.

The standard lifetime of a CMOS

battery is around 10 Years. However,
this amount of time can change
depending on the use and
environment that the computer
resides.
 Single Edge Contact (S.E.C.)
Cartridge
Slot 1 (also Slot1 or SC242)
is a Slot-type connector
with 242 contacts
This connector was designed
for Pentium II family of
processors, and later used for
Celeron budget line of
processors.
Pentium III was the last
microprocessor family that
used the Slot 1.
This motherboard supports both Slot 1 and
Socket 370 for Pentium III chips.
What is S.E.C. Cartridge
Packaging?
A 242-pin slot on the
motherboard that holds
Intel CPU modules
including the Intel Single
Edge Contact Cartridge.

The Pentium II
was the first to
use Slot 1.
 Pin grid array
• A pin grid array, often abbreviated PGA, refers to the
arrangement of pins on the integrated circuit
packaging.
• In a PGA, the pins are arranged in a square array that
may or may not cover the bottom of the package.
PGAs are often mounted on printed circuit boards via two
methods, through hole or by using a socket.

PGAs are primarily used in applications that require more

pins than what older packages such as the dual in-line
package (DIP) provide.
 Land grid array
The land grid array (LGA) is a type
of surface-mount packaging used
for integrated circuits.
It can be electrically connected to
a PCB either by the use of a socket or
by soldering directly to the PCB.
The LGA is used as a physical interface for
microprocessors of the Intel Pentium 4 Intel
Core 2, Intel Core and AMD families.
Unlike the pin grid array(PGA) interface
, there are no pins on the chip; in place of
the pins are pads of bare gold-plated
copper that touch pins on
the motherboard.
Intel CPU Chart

AMD CPU Chart

• and the list goes on…