Year 9 CHEMISTRY
Ch 2 – MATERIALS
Atoms
Engage
• What is matter? (Think-Pair-Share)
• What are the three main states of matter?
• Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
• Three states of matter …
Atoms as building blocks
• Atoms are the building blocks of all matter
• There are 118 known types of atoms:
• 92 are found naturally on earth
• 26 have been made in the laboratory
• Each atom is given its own chemical symbol:
• Usually made up of two letters, but can be one.
Atoms as elements and compounds
• Atoms join together to form either:
• clusters of atoms known as molecules, or
• grid-like structures known as crystal lattices.
• Water is an example of a molecule.
• Sand is an example of a crystal lattice.
Elements
• If a substance is made up of only one type
of atom, then it is known as an element.
• Elements can exist as:
• single atoms (He),
• molecules (O2 and P4) or
• lattice networks (C and Cu).
Compounds
• If a substance is made up of different types
of atoms, then it is known as a compound.
• Compounds can exist as molecules (eg.
glucose) or lattice networks (eg. salt).
MIXTURES
• A mixture contains two or more elements or two or more
compounds or some other combination of elements and
compounds that are not bonded together.
• No new substance is formed since no substances are
bonded together.
• muddy water – dirt, gravel, sand, water
• soft drink – sugar, water, flavouring, colouring, carbon
dioxide gas
• air – nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, carbon dioxide gas etc.
The Periodic Table -
Review
• Which direction do groups go ?
• Which direction do periods go ?
• What are noble gases ?
• Name the liquid metal.
• What are the symbols for fluorine, iron & francium ?
• What are the symbols for sodium, sulphur & tin ?
INSIDE ATOMS
• Atomic structure
• There are 3 kinds of subatomic particles inside atoms
• protons (positive charge)
• neutrons (neutral or no charge)
• electrons (negative charge). Atoms under an
electron microscope
• Nucleus:
• Centre of the atom
• Contains PROTONS and NEUTRONS
• ELECTRONS move very rapidly around the nucleus in
fixed orbits in SHELLS, and are attracted by the
positively charged nucleus.
Inside atoms
• Every atoms is made up of three
subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and
electrons.
• Protons and neutrons form the nucleus at
the centre of the atom.
• The nucleus gives the atom its mass.
• Electrons are much smaller and lighter
and travel in electron clouds around the
nucleus.
• The electron clouds give the atom its size and
volume.
Did you know the atom is mostly empty
space?
• The nucleus of the atom is 10,000 –
100,000 times smaller than the size of the
atom
• Electrostatic attraction holds the atom
together (positives and negatives attract)
If the Gabba was the size of an
atom,
its nucleus would be the size of a
pea.
Atomic & Mass Numbers
• Different atoms have different numbers of protons, which is called
the atomic number. The number of electrons is the same
number of protons. This means that the number of negative and
positive charges balance each other, and the atom has no overall
charge.
• The mass number of an element is the number of protons and
neutrons added together.
Mass Number = No. protons + No. neutrons
↓
39
K→ Symbol for potassium
19
↑
Atomic number = No. protons
Examples
• Helium
• Symbol:
• Atomic Number:
• Mass Number:
• Protons:
• Neutrons:
• Electrons:
• Aluminium
• Symbol:
• Atomic Number:
• Mass Number:
• Protons:
• Neutrons:
• Electrons:
ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
• The first 20 elements follow these rules
for electron shells :
• The first shell can hold 2 electrons
• The second shell can hold 8 electrons
• The third shell can hold 8 electrons
• The inner most shells are filled first
Examples
Ernest Rutherford
ATOMS
• An atom consists of a positive nucleus (protons & neutrons)
surrounded by a cloud of negative electrons.
HYDROGEN ATOM HELIUM
ATOM
IONS & IONIC
COMPOUNDS
• An atom can lose or gain electrons. When an atom has lost or
gained electrons they are called ions.
• If an atom loses electrons they are called cations and have a positive
charge.
• If an atom gains electrons they are called anions and have a negative
charge.
• Cations and anions can join to make ionic compounds with ionic
bonds.
Ions
• Atoms can lose or gain electrons to become charged particles
called ions.
• If an atom loses an electron(s) it becomes positive.
• If an atom gains an electron(s) it becomes negative.
• The symbol for an ion is the same as the symbol for the atom,
but with the charge added to it.
Na Na+ + e-
Cl + e- Cl-
Ions
• Positively charged ions are referred to as CATIONS.
Na Na+ + e-
• Negatively charged ions are referred to as ANIONS.
Cl + e- Cl-
SODIUM CHLORIDE = TABLE
SALT
Valency table
If the cations and anions have the same number on their charge,
they cancel out each other but the atoms are still written down.
E.g.
sodium + chlorine = sodium chloride
Na + + Cl- = NaCl
magnesium + oxygen = magnesium oxide
Mg2+ + O2- = MgO
If the cations and anions have different numbers on their charge,
they swap numbers and are written as a subscript. (Don’t write
‘1’).
E.g.
copper + chlorine = copper chloride
Cu 2+ + Cl- = CuCl2
Cu 2+ Cl-
iron + oxygen = iron oxide
Fe3+ + O2- = Fe2O3
Fe 3+ O2-
RULE 3 = use of brackets
E.g.
aluminium + sulfate = aluminium sulfate
Al 3+ + SO42- = Al2(SO4)3
Al 3+ SO42-
calcium + hydroxide = calcium hydroxide
Ca2+ + OH- = Ca(OH)2
Ca2+ OH-
NAMING COMPOUNDS
There are 3 main rules –
1. If the compound contains a metal, then its name goes
first in the name of a compound. E.g. iron sulphide
(FeS).
2. When there are only two elements in the compound,
the name usually ends in – ide. E.g. when sodium
reacts with chlorine, the compound formed is called
sodium chloride (not sodium chlorine).
3. A name ending in –ate or –ite means that the
compound contains oxygen and another non-metal.
Tamara’s problem…..
• Tamara heated a white powder and two different gases were
given off. One was a poisonous brown gas called nitrogen
dioxide, and the other was oxygen. A blue substance was left
behind in the test tube.
• 1. Is the white powder an element or a compound ?
• 2. Which elements can Tamara be sure are in the white powder ?
Tamara’s problem…..
• Tamara heated a white powder and two different gases were
given off. One was a poisonous brown gas called nitrogen
dioxide, and the other was oxygen. A blue substance was left
behind in the test tube.
• 1. Is the white powder an element or a compound ?
Compound – can be broken down to produce other
substances, not pure.
• 2. Which elements can Tamara be sure are in the white
powder ?
nitrogen & oxygen
Tamara’s problem…..
• When Tamara continued to heat the blue substance she
was left with a silvery solid called copper. More oxygen
was also produced.
• 3. What are all the elements in the white powder ?
• 4. Suggest a name for the white powder.
Tamara’s problem…..
• When Tamara continued to heat the blue
substance she was left with a silvery solid called
copper. More oxygen was also produced.
• 3. What are all the elements in the white powder
?
copper nitrogen & oxygen
• 4. Suggest a name for the white powder.
copper nitrate
