Lesson 7: Heavy or Massive

1 Forces and Lesson 8: Forces and Acceleration F = ma

Motion Lesson 9: Stopping Distances (1 hour)
1 Force and Motion Part C2a Movement
Lessons 7 to 10
Lesson 10: Terminal Velocity (2 hours)

1 Forces and Motion 2 Electricity 3 Waves 4 Energy

5 Solid Liquids Gases 6 Magnetism 7 Radioactivity 8 Astrophysics

iGCSE Edexcel 1-9 – Mr Powell Animated Science
2022
C2a Movement W = mg and F = ma – KO Terminal Velocity
Newtons 3 Laws of Motion When you fall or drive at a constant speed
Maths… due to balanced forces..
Newtons 2nd Law – Acceleration…

The relationship between unbalanced force, …..are unwilling to change

mass and acceleration: direction or start moving
1 (Inertia)
Force (N) = mass (kg) × acceleration (N/kg)

F=m×a ...only moves when legs

2 give resultant force…..
(Accel/change in
The relationship between weight, mass and momentum)
gravitational field strength:

weight = mass × gravitational field strength Sat on the floor Equal

3 Opposites) two forces act
on two different bodies i.e.
w=m×g A and B

g= 10 N/kg or 10ms-2 on Earth

Stopping Distance Stopping Distance Factors Stopping Distance Graph

When you stop your car your motion depends on two Thinking/Reaction… The distance you cover during
sets of factors to make up your stopping distance. • Distraction by passengers “stopping” is made up from the
• Drugs/Alcohol intoxication area under the graph. This is a
• People in the car talking and square and triangle…. (? + ?)
distracting the driver

Braking…
• Worn tyres low tread pattern or grip
• Ice/ gravel/ oil on road lowers friction
• Worn brakes or poorly maintained to ? ?
poor force on discs
• Mass of (car + passengers) so more
kinetic energy store to lose E k = ½ mv2
 1c Forces and Motion – “Forces, Movement, Shape” Newton's Laws of Motion (to memorise)

1.11 describe the effects of forces between bodies such as First law: The velocity of a body remains constant
changes in speed, shape or direction unless the body is acted upon by an external force.

1.12 identify different types of force such as gravitational or FR = 0

electrostatic

1.13 understand how vector quantities differ from scalar Second law: The acceleration “a” of a body is parallel
quantities and directly proportional to the resultant force “F” and
inversely proportional to the mass “m”
1.14 understand that force is a vector quantity
F = ma or F/m = a
1.15 calculate the resultant force of forces that act along a
line Third law: The mutual forces of action and reaction
between two bodies ie. a & b are equal, opposite and
1.16 know that friction is a force that opposes motion collinear. (in-line)
Fa= -Fb
1.17 know and use the relationship between unbalanced
force, mass and acceleration:
force = mass × acceleration OR F = m × a …..are unwilling to change
-------- direction or start moving
(Y9 already)
1 (Inertia)

1.22 practical: investigate how extension varies with applied

force for helical springs, metal wires and rubber bands
...only moves when legs
1.23 know that the initial linear region of a force-extension 2 give resultant force…..
(Accel/ change in
graph is associated with Hooke’s law momentum)

1.24 describe elastic behaviour as the ability of a material to

recover its original shape after the forces causing 3 Sat on the floor Equal
Opposites) two forces act
deformation have been removed. on two different bodies i.e.
A and B Animated Science
2022
1c Forces and Motion – “Forces, Movement, Shape”
1. Tick items you
Students will be assessed on their ability to: know when
we start the
unit
2. Tick in another
1.17 know and use the relationship between unbalanced force, mass colour as you
and acceleration: cover them in
force = mass × acceleration OR F = m × a class
3. If you are not
1.18 know and use the relationship between weight, mass and clear what are
gravitational field strength: your next
steps?
weight = mass × gravitational field strength
R A G
w=m×g

1.19 know that the stopping distance of a vehicle is made up of the

sum of the thinking distance and the braking distance

1.20 describe the factors affecting vehicle stopping distance including

speed, mass, road condition and reaction time

1.21 describe the forces acting on falling objects and explain why falling
objects reach a terminal velocity.
Animated Science
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 Mr D Powell
2022
Animated Science
2022

Lesson 7 Heavy or Massive? W = mg

Key Idea: What is the difference between weight and mass?

I can explain that weight is the force

acting on an object due to being in a
gravitational field around the Earth.
4

I can calculate weight using the

equation w = mg
5/6
I can show that weight of an object and the
mass of an object are directly proportional.
7/8
I can apply w=mg to other planetary systems and explain this
using mathematics & I can link the ideas to F=ma Animated Science
2022
What is the link?

Animated Science
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Starter Task....

Choose words to complete the sentences..

Balanced, electricity, gravitational field strength, joules, magnetism, Newtons
When you drop something it falls;
• This is because it is pulled to the Earth by.................1..................
• We measure forces in units called ..........2................
1. GFS
2. Newtons
3. balanced
When a falling object reaches the ground, it stops moving.
• This means that the forces acting on it are now.....3..........

1 2 3 How many did you get?

Animated Science
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Definition...
Task…
weight = mass x gravitational field strength 1. Read through the
definition on your sheet.
w = mg
2. Discuss the formula with
weight, W, in Newtons, N a partner. What are the
units and quantities?
mass, m, in kilograms, kg 3. What is a scalar and what
is a vector?
gravitational field strength, g, in Newtons per
kilogram, N/kg or Nkg-1 4. What is g on Earth?
5. What is g on Pluto and
why?

Animated Science
2022
Practical…
Close to this Mass of the Weight /N
1kg masses were placed near object object /kg
to different bodies in space…….
Earth 1.0 9.8
However, when weighed they
all had different values? Moon 1.0 1.6
Mars 1.0 3.6

Discuss with a partner? Venus 1.0 8.8

1. Why is this? Mercury 1.0 3.6
2. What is mass and what is Jupiter 1.0 22.4
weight?
3. What formulae converts?
4. Is gravitational field
strength the same
everywhere?

x4 =
Animated Science
2022
Gravity Questions.... (write out)
Questions…. Using the
Key Ideas… above formula (on the
earth) find the following;
The force from a gravitational field pulls down on
masses according to gravitational field strength. This 1) W? if m = 0.5kg
varies with height but near to the Earth it is a constant 2) W? if m = 300g
10N/kg. 3) m? if W = 34N
4) m? if W = 280N
1kg would weigh….. 5) m? if W = 0.1N

Weight (N) = mass (kg) x Gravitational Field (g) (N/kg)

W = mg
W = 1kg x 10N/kg Answers…
W = 10N
1. 5N
The weight feels a force of 10N 2. 3N
3. 3.4kg
800g would weigh; 4. 28kg
W = 0.800kg x 10N/kg 5. 0.01kg
W = 8N
Animated Science
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Lesson 7 Heavy or Massive? W = mg
Remember that in science we measure mass in
Everyone knows that most things fall to the ground and that it's kilograms and weight in newtons. We use
gravity that causes this to happen. This doesn't mean that different units because they are different things,
gravity only acts downwards. It's a force of attraction between but there is a relationship between them.
any two objects, such as you and the person you're sitting next
to. However, you only notice it if at least one of the objects is A newtonmeter measures in this case both mass
massive. and weight.

Weight and mass? Some people say they want to lose weight Weight, W is measured in newtons, mass, m in kg
and they may keep weighing themselves. The scales are and gravitational field strength, g in N/kg.
probably marked in kilograms (kg). Even if you never use scales,
you'll know that you buy food such as sugar and flour by On Earth g is taken to be 9.81 Nkg -1 or 9.81ms-2.
weight. The bags are marked in kilograms. In these examples The units are the same. But it is often rounded to
weight is being confused with mass. It's important, in science, 10Nkg-1
to understand that mass and weight are not the same thing.
Example: Calculate the weight on Earth of a 5.0 kg
Mass is the amount of substance that is present in an object. It mass. Assume g= 9.8 N/kg.
is measured In kilograms. (kg)
W = mg
Weight is the force acting on that mass, if it is In a gravitational
field. As weight is a force; it is measured in newtons (N). = 5.0 kg x 9.8 Nkg-1

Weight is a force caused by gravity and is a non-contact force. It W = 49 N

is useful to think of it as a force field; anything in a gravitational
field will experience a force of attraction.

We are all in the Earth's gravitational field; it is attracting us

towards the Earth. Weight is the force acting on an object due
to gravity. The weight of an object depends on the gravitational
W = mg
field strength at the point where the object is, and on the mass
of the object. w = 1kg * 9.81Nkg-1
The weight of an object can be calculated using the equation:
1kg  9.81N
Weight (N) = mass (kg) x Gravitational Field (g) (N/kg)
Animated Science
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Lesson 7 Heavy or Massive? W = mg
Mass Weight /N
Mass is a property of an object and
is constant wherever you are. Moon Earth Moon Earth
1kg 1kg 1.67 10
Weight, however, depends not only
the mass but also the gravitational 500g 500g 0.84 5
field strength. On the Moon, gravity
(at the surface) is around a sixth of
that on Earth, so everything weighs
one sixth of what it does on Earth. Questions..
Scales are forcemeters where the
scale is given in kg. 1) An astronaut on the Moon feels much lighter than on Earth. Have they lost weight?

Standing on the scales in a lunar 2) Denzil says that a weighing scale is actually a forcemeter. Is he right? Explain.
space station would give a reading
one sixth of that on the Earth. Your 3) Write down the weight on Earth of objects having a mass of a 7 kg b 0.5 kg c 400 g
mass is a constant but your weight is 4) A steel block weighs 30 N on Earth.
much less.
a What is its mass?
In deep space, well away from any
stars or planets, you would be b The steel block is taken to Mars where it weighs 11.1 N. Calculate the
weightless. You would still have gravitational field strength on Mars.
mass though, and if you wanted to
move from one end of your 5) Alex says that weighing scales should all carry a label saying 'calibrated for use on
planet Earth only'. Is she right?
spacecraft to the other, you would
still need to apply a force. 6) An astronaut in deep space (where there is no gravity) is at one end of her craft
and wants to move to the other. She pushes against the inside of the craft with a force
of 25 N and this causes her to accelerate at 0.5 m/s'. What is her weight?

7) Describe a measuring instrument that could give a correct measurement of mass

on the Earth and on the Moon without having to change any settings.

Animated Science
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W = mg
1 Yes they have lost weight as the gravitational field or force on them is smaller.
2 Yes, Denzil is correct. Weight is a force so a weighing scale is measuring a force.

3a 7 × 9.8 = 68.6 N = 70N ( to 1 sig fig)

3b 0.5 × 9.8 = 4.9 N (2 sig fig)
3c 400 g = 0.4 kg, so weight = 0.4 × 9.8 = 3.92 N = 3.9N (to 2 sig fig)

4a
4b The mass of the block remains at 3.1 kg.

5 Yes Alex is right. Weighing scales measure the weight and convert this to a mass.
However the conversion assumes that you are on Earth.

6 Her weight is 0N as there is no gravitational force. W = mg so W = m x 0

7 E.g. a balance where a beam is placed on a pivot. A known mass is placed on one
side and the mass you need to measure is placed on the other. The masses are
moved so that the beam balances and the reading is made. This would give identical
readings on the Earth and on the Moon.
Animated Science
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Acceleration has nothing to do with mass!

What do you think happens….

A tennis ball is dropped from a height and +sand
timed. A 2nd tennis ball filled with sand is
dropped from a height and timed.

Watch the video of the bowling ball and

feather in a vacuum….

1. What happens to the bowling ball and

feather?

2. Why do we need a vacuum chamber?

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=E43-CfukEgs Animated Science
2022
Plenary / Review Task…

On a whiteboard on your own, discuss and write a

quick summary of your understanding......

Using the formula we learned today (on

the earth) find the following;
1. 5N
1) W? if m = 0.5kg 2. 3N
2) W? if m = 300g
3) m? if W = 34N
3. 3.4kg
4) m? if W = 280N 4. 28kg
5) m? if W = 0.1N 5. 0.01kg
6) What would happen on the Moon to
your weight?

Where did you get with these

questions, be prepared to justify your
1 3 5 colour?
Animated Science
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Facts to Learn…. Newton's Laws of Motion (to memorise)
First law: The velocity of a body
remains constant unless the body is
acted upon by an external force.
…..are unwilling to change
FR = 0 direction or start moving
1 (Inertia)

Second law: The acceleration “a” of a

body is parallel and directly
proportional to the resultant force “F” ...only moves when legs
give resultant force…..
and inversely proportional to the 2 (Accel/change in
mass “m” momentum)

F = ma or
Sat on the floor Equal
3 Opposites) two forces act on
Third law: The mutual forces of action
two different bodies i.e. A
and reaction between two bodies ie. a and B
& b are equal, opposite and collinear.

Fa = -Fb Write these down and draw a cartoon of your choice for
1st and 2nd law situation, then explain to anotherAnimated
pair… Science
2022
 Newtons Law Number 1 Newtons Law Number 2

If the resultant force is zero… If there is a resultant force on an object it

will accelerate (speed up, or slow down).
The object will stay still OR, if already
The resultant forward force causes the
moving, move at a constant speed in
puck to accelerate.
a straight line.
Force = mass x acceleration
There is a zero resultant force so the FR = F 1 – F 2
athlete runs at a constant speed. Accel
= 25 – 3 = 22N
FR = F 1 – F 2
Inertia = a = 110Nkg-1 or 110 ms-2
= 50-50
=0
Force from Mass = 0.2kg
muscles Air resistance

50N 50N 3N 25N Push

Ice
Friction Animated Science
FR = ma but if F = 0 then a = 0 2022
Newtons Law Number 3 – Example… ( Leave for Y11)

For every ACTION there is an equal

and opposite REACTION (think of an
action as a sort of impact or hitting
force)

The tennis racket gives the ball a

forward force (action) … but the ball
also gives the racket a backward
force (reaction).

Animated Science
2022
Extra reading…. Solar System Comparison for “g”

Multiple of
Body Earth gravity m/s²
Sun 27.90 274.1
Mercury 0.3770 3.703
Venus 0.9032 8.872
Earth 1 (by definition) 9.8226  10
Moon 0.1655 1.625
Mars 0.3895 3.728
Jupiter 2.640 25.93
Saturn 1.139 11.19
Uranus 0.917 9.01
Neptune 1.148 11.28
Pluto 0.0621 0.610

Animated Science
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 Mr D Powell
2022
Animated Science
2022

Lesson 8 Forces and Acceleration F = ma (1 hour)

I can explain the basic idea

of the F/m = a formula
4
I can explain newton's 2nd law
and apply it to formula
5/6
I can calculate the breaking force
on a car and link to deceleration
7/8
I can interpret the motion of a cyclist, work out the deceleration and
link to the forces on the cyclist and link to inertia Animated Science
2022
Acceleration Questions - Whiteboard
F ma
We can actually consider the gravity acting on objects as a
form of acceleration. However, this time the units are or
different and we can quote the acceleration as the Force per
kilogram or N/kg instead of m/s2. In fact both are the same; F
a
10N/kg = 10m/s2 = 10ms-2, m
In which case we actually find that one Newton of force can F
be defined as the force required to give a mass of 1kg, an
m
acceleration, of 1 m/s2 or 1ms-2
a
F
Force = mass x acceleration a
m
Work out the following; 3N
1. 500N 3 Nkg  1
1. m= 50kg, a = 10N/kg, F = 2. 500N 1kg
2. m= 100kg, a = 5N/kg, F = 3. 5kg 3N
3. F= 50N, a = 10N/kg, m = 4. 6N/kg 1.5 Nkg  1
4. F= 30N, m = 5kg, a = 2kg
5. 11.2kg Animated Science
5. F= 28N, a = 2.5ms-2, m = 2022
Applications to F=ma

Complete the table below showing the resultant force, mass and
acceleration of objects in different situations.

Resultant Mass
force (in Acceleration
(in (in m/s2 or N/kg)
kilograms)
newtons)

a)Athlete
accelerating at 560
70 8.0
start of 100 m
race

b) Car 3000 1200

accelerating 2.5

c)Lorry braking 16 000 20,000 0.8

d) Plane taking 40,000 8000 5.0

off
Animated Science
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Lesson 8 Forces and Acceleration F = ma

The record for the fastest object made by humans is held by the Helios 2
A Forward force Friction and
spacecraft, which reached over 246 000 km/h. It has a very elliptical orbit around from engine air resistance
the Sun which means it accelerates as a result of the Sun's gravitational field.
Accelerates
When the driver presses on the accelerator pedal in a car, it increases the forward
force of the engine. This makes the car accelerate. The force of the engine acts
forwards and there will be other forces opposing this: friction and air resistance.
B
Friction and
However, at this point the force from the engine is greater than the opposing Forward force
air resistance
forces and so the car accelerates. It speeds up. from engine
Decelerates
Newton's second law Force, mass and acceleration are linked by the equation;

F = ma or better quoted as C
Forward force Friction and
F is the resultant force in N from engine air resistance
m is the mass in kg Steady speed
a is the acceleration in ms-2 or m/s/s or m/s2

This is Newton's second law. We often use the idea to find the resultant force
which causes the acceleration as… FR = Big – Small which gives you the size
(magnitude) and direction

The resultant force is a single force that has the same effect as all the original
forces acting together.

Example: A car has a mass of 1000 kg. What force is needed to give it an
acceleration of 5 ms-2?

F= ma = 1000 kg x 5 ms-2 = 5000 N

Animated Science
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 Review Questions..
Once a massive tanker is moving it is difficult to stop.
Massive objects are hard to start to move and also very 1) In which direction are the resultant forces acting in Figures A
difficult to stop. They have an Inbuilt reluctance to start and B?
moving. This is called inertia (from the Latin for laziness).
Inertia is the natural tendency of objects to resist changes in 2) The driver of the car in Figure B presses the accelerator harder
their velocity. Inertial mass is a measure of how difficult it is so that the speed increases. What will happen to the resultant
to change the velocity of an object. Inertial mass is defined force?
by the ratio of force over acceleration:
3) A car of mass 1200 kg has a resultant forward force acting on It
F = ma or of 4200 N. Calculate its acceleration.

better quoted as 4) The weight of an apple is 1 N and it accelerates downwards at

10 m/s2. What is its mass?

So it is used in the same way the previous use of the 5) What force is needed to accelerate a 4000 kg rocket upwards
formula. at an acceleration of 2 ms-2 (g = 9.8N/kg) (Really Hard Grade 9)

Extension Questions..
Resultant Mass
Acceleration
force (in 6) What is inertia and how do you calculate Inertial mass?
(in m/s2 or
(in newtons) kilograms)
N/kg)
N kg
7)Another form of mass is gravitational mass. Suggest what the
a) Athlete difference is between gravitational mass and inertial mass.
accelerating
70 8.0
at start of 8) An object has a mass of 2 kg. What are its Inertial mass and its
100 m race gravitational mass?
b) Car
3000 1200
accelerating
c) Lorry braking 16 000 0.8
d) Plane taking
8000 5.0
off
Force and Acceleration….

1 In Figure A the resultant force is to the left; in figure B the resultant force is to the right
and in figure C there is no resultant force so there is no direction.

2 The resultant reduces to zero and the car will then travel at a steady speed.

3 = 3.5 m/s2 FR = ma
= 8000N
4 F needed?
(by burning
5
fuel)
F = ma = 4000 × 2 = 8000 N.
w = mg
However this is the resultant force. = 4000kg x 10N/kg
= 40000 N
The resultant force = the force needed – the weight of the rocket. (RF = Thrust – Weight)

So… 8000 = force needed – 40 000 (w = mg = 4000kg * 10N/kg)

force needed = 8000 + 40 000 = 48 000N

Animated Science
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Force and Acceleration…. (Extension)

6 Inertia is a measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object (a

reluctance to change motion).

Inertial mass is calculated by dividing the force by the acceleration.

7 Inertial mass is a measure of how much force the object needs in order to
get it to change its motion whereas gravitational mass is a measure of how
strongly the object feels the force.

More massive objects need a bigger force to accelerate them (due to their
inertial mass) and they have a bigger weight (due to their gravitational mass).

8 Both inertial and gravitational mass = 2kg.

For inertial mass, this is a measure of its reluctance to change its motion; for
gravitational mass, this is a measure of how strongly it feels the force of gravity.

Animated Science
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Review Questions 2 - Extras kgm/s2 = kgms-2 = N

a) Calculate the acceleration of the object in the following situations.

i) A force of 20 N is applied to a mass of 8 kg. (2 marks)

a = F/m = 20N / 8 kg = 2.5 N/kg

ii) A force of 5 kN is applied to a mass of 20 kg. (2 marks)
a = F/m = 5kN / 20 kg = 5000N / 20kg = 250 N/kg
iii) A force of 0.2 kN is applied to a mass of 500 g. (2 marks)
a = F/m = 0.2kN / 500g = 200N / 0.5kg = 400 N/kg
b) Calculate the force being applied to the object in the following situations.
i) A mass of 5 kg that has an acceleration of 5 ms-2. (2 marks)
F = ma = 5kg x 5 m/s2 = 25 kgm/s2 or 25 kgms-2 or 25N
ii) A mass of 15 kg that has an acceleration of 3 ms-2. (2 marks)
F = ma = 15kg x 3 m/s2 = 45 kgm/s2 or 45 kgms-2 or 45N

Task… write out the questions and full answers to these questions
Animated Science
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Exam Questions... On a Whiteboard

A vehicle of mass 1500 kg braked to a standstill from a velocity of 24 m/s in 12 s.

1) Show that the deceleration of the vehicle was 2.0 m/s2.

(0- 24)ms-1 /12s = -2.0 ms-2

2) Calculate the resultant force on the vehicle.

F = ma = 1500kg x -2.0 ms-2 = 1500kg x -2.0 Nkg-1 = -3000N

F ma

a
v  u  v

t t

Animated Science
2022
Exam Questions... On a Whiteboard

1) a) A cyclist accelerated along a flat road from a standstill to a

velocity of 12 m/s in 60 seconds. The mass of the cyclist and the
bicycle was 80 kg. Show that the acceleration of the cyclist was
0.2 m/s2.
12ms /60s = 0.2 ms
-1 -2

b) Calculate the resultant force on the cyclist and the bicycle. F ma
F = ma = 80kg x 0.2 ms-2 = 16N
On reaching a velocity of 12 m/s, the cyclist in 1) stopped a
v  u  v

pedalling and slowed down to a velocity of 8 m/s in 10 s, when
she started pedalling again.
t t
Calculate:

2) The deceleration of the cyclist when she slowed down.

(8ms-1 -12ms-1) / 10s = -0.4 ms-2
3) The size and direction of the resultant force on the cyclist
when she slowed down.
F = ma = 80kg x -0.4 ms-2 = -32N
Animated Science
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What is the difference between the inertial and gravitational mass? (Extension)

Inertial mass: This is mainly defined by Newton's law, F = ma, which states that
when a force F is applied to an object, it will accelerate proportionally, and that
constant of proportion is the mass of that object. In very concrete terms, to
determine the inertial mass, you apply a force of “F” Newtons to an object,
measure the acceleration in m/s2, and F/a will give you the inertial mass m in
kilograms.

Gravitational mass: This is defined by the force of gravitation, which states that
there is a gravitational force between any pair of objects, which is given by the
formula

where G is the universal gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses of the
two objects, and r is the distance between them. This, in effect defines the
gravitational mass of an object.

Key Point: As it turns out, these two masses are equal to each other as far as we
can measure. Also, the equivalence of these two masses is why all objects fall at
the same rate on earth.

Animated Science
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 Mr D Powell
2022
Animated Science
2022

Lesson 9 Stopping Distances (1 hour)

Describe in detail with examples

the forces acting on a car in
motion and those that stop it.
4
Be able to differentiate between the ideas and factors which effect
thinking and braking distances and give specific examples in a
5/6 context. & draw a graph for braking distance

+complete work to a high standard of detail and

precision
7/8
Try out some real SUVAT equations for braking.
Animated Science
2022
Lesson 9 Keeping Safe On the Road Graph Questions
Basic Facts to Learn….
The table below shows how the braking distance for a car under normal
When a vehicle travels at a steady speed the resistive forces conditions on a flat road varies with speed. Plot a graph of braking distance
balance the driving force. against velocity and glue it into your book, then answer the questions here by
writing them on your graph.
The greater the speed or mass of a vehicle the greater the
braking force needed to stop it in a certain distance. (Harder) 4) Use the graph to determine the braking distance at 30 m/s. (show it)
The stopping distance of a vehicle is the sum of the distance
5) Explain why the stopping distance of a car on a wet road is greater than if
the vehicle travels during the driver’s reaction time (thinking
distance) and the distance it travels under the braking force the road was dry.
(braking distance).
6) How much more does the braking distance increase by if you increase
When the brakes of a vehicle are applied, work done by the your speed from 15m/s to 30 m/s (read off the graph)
frictional force between the brakes and the wheel reduces the
kinetic energy of the vehicle and the temperature of the brakes Multichoice 4) Which factor affects braking distance far
increase. (Harder) more than most people realise?
1) Which two distances make up the a) the mass of the car
A vehicle’s braking distance can be affected by adverse road total stopping distance of a car? (1 mark) b) the speed of the car
and weather conditions and poor condition of the vehicle and a) reacting distance and thinking c) the size of the engine in he car
mass. distance d) the reaction time of the driver
b) braking distance and reaction time
c) braking distance and thinking 5) If a driver doubles his speed, what will
A driver’s reaction time can be affected by tiredness, distance happen to his braking distance? (1 mark)
distraction and drugs d) thinking distance and braking force e) it will double
f) it will treble
2 Which of the following will not affect g) it will quadruple
the braking distance of a car? (1 mark) h) it will stay the same
1. Draw and explain a diagram to show the difference e) the frictional forces between the
between thinking and braking distance. (use ideas tyres and the road
above + online) f) the mass of the car velocity (ms-1) Braking distance (m)
g) the speed of the car
h) the reactions of the driver 4.5 1.5
2. Draw a linked choices chart to show factors which
might have an effect on stopping distances OR write 9.0 6.0
3 Which of the following will not affect
your own notes (explain why this is) the thinking distance of a car driver?
13.5 13.5
i) the speed of the car 18.0 24.0
3. Why does a small increase in velocity have a big effect j) the visibility 22.5 37.5
k) the reactions of the driver 27.0 54.0
on your kinetic energy (use the formulae to help you) l) the mass of the car 31.5 73.5
Q1 What is Braking Distance & Thinking Distance..
When you go faster both the
thinking and braking distance
go up!

Animated Science
2022
Q2 Sorting Linked Choices

Can you sort these statements into the following categories....

Drugs – cannabis /
speed/ heroin/ Alcohol
Thinking
Tyre Tread – worn down Distance

Speed – going faster

Both
Ice – slippery low
friction

Road Surface – wet or Braking

smooth Distance
Noisy People in car –
lots of mass and
distraction Animated Science
2022
Q3 When the brakes of a vehicle are applied, work done by the friction force
between the brakes and the wheel reduces the kinetic energy of the vehicle and the
temperature of the brakes increase.
Velocity Energy Distance
Energy Ideas… ms-1 (Velocity) 2
Increase factor
Factor
Ek= ½ mv2 1 1 X1 1
2 4 x4 x4
If you double the speed the energy 3 9 x9 X9
required to be lost to stop you increases
by a factor of 4
Work Ideas…
4*Ek= ½ m(2v)2
Ek= ½ mv2
4Ek= ½ m*4v2
But ….

Work Done = Force x Distance in direction

So…
Fd =½ mv2

So you also take longer to stop if you

increase your velocity. Animated Science
2022
More Maths!
The braking force needed to stop
For any car travelling at constant velocity, a vehicle in a certain distance has
the resultant force on it is zero….. two key factors….
• This is because the motive force of
its engine is balanced by the • A higher braking force will
resistive forces (i.e. friction and air
resistance) on it.
mean a higher deceleration or
negative acceleration. So you
• A car driver uses the accelerator will stop quicker.
pedal (also called the gas pedal) to
vary the motive force of the engine. • The greater the mass, the
greater the braking force
• The resistive forces change to meet needed for a given
to the rise or fall. deceleration or if you mass
goes up your acceleration for
Steady speed
the same force goes down.

Forward force Friction and

from engine air resistance Animated Science
2022
Drugs & Spiders

NASA scientists were looking into how drugs

such as Chloral hydrate (a sedative and
hypnotic drug) and others might effect their
astronaughts in space. The tested their ideas on
spiders and looked at how the constructed their
webs when they had been dosed. They were Garden Spiders on a normal day!
hoping to see if any effects could be utilised in
humans. Drugged Spiders (tongue in cheek)!

Animated Science
2022
Graph Questions…
Braking
The table below shows how the braking distance for a velocity distance
car under normal conditions on a flat road varies with (ms-1) (m)
speed.
4.5 1.5
9.0 6.0
Plot a graph of braking distance against velocity…
13.5 13.5
18.0 24.0
1) Use the graph to determine the braking distance at 30
22.5 37.5
m/s.
27.0 54.0
31.5 73.5
2) Explain why the stopping distance of a car on a wet
road is greater than if the road was dry.

3) How much more does the braking distance increase

by if you increase your speed from 15m/s to 30 m/s

Animated Science
2022
Results

A graph to show the braking distance of a car

80.0

70.0

60.0
Braking Distance /m

50.0

40.0 velocity Braking

(ms ) distance (m)
-1

30.0 4.5 1.5

9.0 6.0
13.5 13.5
20.0 18.0 24.0
22.5 37.5
27.0 54.0
10.0 31.5 73.5

0.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
Velocity m/s
Animated Science
2022
Multichoice
1) Which two distances make up the total stopping 4) Which factor affects braking
distance of a car? (1 mark) distance far more than most
people realise?
a) reacting distance and thinking distance
b) braking distance and reaction time a) the mass of the car
c) braking distance and thinking distance b) the speed of the car
d) thinking distance and braking force c) the size of the engine in he car
d) the reaction time of the driver
2 Which of the following will not affect the braking
distance of a car? (1 mark)
5) If a driver doubles his speed,
e) the frictional forces between the tyres and the road what will happen to his braking
f) the mass of the car distance? (1 mark)
g) the speed of the car
h) the reactions of the driver e) it will double
f) it will treble
3 Which of the following will not affect the thinking g) it will quadruple
distance of a car driver? h) it will stay the same

i) the speed of the car

j) the visibility
k) the reactions of the driver
l) the mass of the car Animated Science
2022
Stopping Distance Exam Question?

The driver of a car travelling in her car

and sees a pedestrian crossing the road.
She thinks about braking and then
applies the brakes to come to a
standstill.

1) Sketch the graph in your book.

2) What is her initial velocity?

Answers…
3) How long is her thinking time?
1. See above
2. 10ms-1
4) How long is her braking time?
3. 0.5s
4. 1s
5) How far does she travel before
5. (0.5*10) + (1 * 10 * 0.5) = 10m
stopping?
6. 0ms-1
6) What is her final velocity?

Animated Science
2022
Factors to consider – Extra reading

Tiredness, alcohol and drugs all increase

reaction times. So they increase the thinking
distance or thinking time. Therefore, the
stopping distance is greater. (Same marking
point)

The faster a vehicle is travelling, the further it

travels before it stops. This is because the Writing an exam question
thinking distance and the braking distance answer…
both increase with increased speed.
1) Choose Thinking or Braking
In adverse road conditions such as wet or icy
roads, drivers have to brake with less force to 2) State the idea…
avoid skidding. Stopping distances are
therefore greater in poor road conditions. 3) Explain what it does…

Poorly maintained vehicles, for example with

worn brakes or tyres, take further distances to
stop because the brakes and tyres are less
effective. Animated Science
2022
Harder Maths (Challenge)
Braking distance
Thinking distance
You are travelling at a constant speed
You are travelling at a v = 13 ms-1
constant speed i.e.
13ms-1. And you react in and then stop dead with v = 0 ms-1.
a time t0.
Hence…. v2 – u2 = 2as
Hence…
s = to Is simplified to….
s = uto – u2 = 2as

but as a is negative…..
2
u u2 = 2as
sS uto 
2a

Animated Science
2022
Plenary / Review / Example Task…

A yellow chicken drives a car of mass 900kg

on a level road at a speed of 20ms-1. It
brakes sharply as another chicken has
decided to cross the road without looking.
The chicken driving the car thinks for 0.5s
before applying the brakes and the car 1) s= vt0 = 20ms-1 x 0.5s
comes to a stop in a total time of 10s. s = 10m
1. What is the distance travelled whilst 2) a =
thinking? = -20ms-1 /9.5s
= -2.1ms-2
2. What is the deceleration of the
vehicle? 3) s =
=
u2
ss uto 
3. What is the distance travelled whilst = 95m 2a
actually applying the brakes?

4. What is the total stopping distance?

4) s = s1 + s2 = 105m
Animated Science
2022
Questions to Think about together… b) The frictional forces on the car (mass
1000kg) when it stops…
Q1: What is the braking
distance of a vehicle for a F = ma
speed of 18ms-1 on a dry F = 1000kg x 6.8ms-2
level road is 24m. Calculate: F = 6750N

a) Deceleration from this Key Ideas…

speed to standstill…
v2 – u2 = 2as
v2 – u2 = 2as
F = ma

Braking distance is the distance s travelled whilst

actually applying the brakes or v2/2a = s

a = 6.75ms-2 The brakes apply a resultant force in the opposite

direction to cause a negative acceleration. According
a = 6.8ms-2 to Newton's Law II F=ma the velocity will reduce by
“a” until the car stops or is slowed.
Animated Science
2022
 Exam Question Practice Stopping Exam Question Practice Stopping Distances
Distances 5 5
A car driver sees the traffic in front is not moving and brakes to stop A car driver sees the traffic in front is not moving and brakes to stop
his car. The stopping distance of a car is the thinking distance plus the his car. The stopping distance of a car is the thinking distance plus the
braking distance. braking distance.

(i) What is meant by the ‘braking distance’ (1) (i) What is meant by the ‘braking distance’ (1)

(ii) The braking distance of a car depends on the speed of the car and (ii) The braking distance of a car depends on the speed of the car and
the braking force. State one other factor that affects braking distance. the braking force. State one other factor that affects braking distance.
(1) (1)

(iii) How does the braking force needed to stop a car in a particular (iii) How does the braking force needed to stop a car in a particular
distance depend on the speed of the car? (1) distance depend on the speed of the car? (1)

Use Figure 1 to calculate the maximum speed the car was travelling Use Figure 1 to calculate the maximum speed the car was travelling
at. Show clearly how you work out your answer. at. Show clearly how you work out your answer.

Maximum speed = ................................ m/s (2) Maximum speed = ................................ m/s (2)
 Exam Question Practice Stopping Distances

A car driver sees the traffic in front is not moving 5

and brakes to stop his car. The stopping distance
of a car is the thinking distance plus the braking
distance.

m
(i) What is meant by the ‘braking distance’ (1)

(ii) The braking distance of a car depends on the

speed of the car and the braking force.
( 10 − 3.8 ) 𝑠
State one other factor that affects braking
distance. (1)

(iii) How does the braking force needed to stop a

car in a particular distance depend on the speed
of the car? (1)

Use Figure 1 to calculate the maximum speed the

car was travelling at. Show clearly how you work
out your answer.

Maximum speed = ................................ m/s (2)

Exam Question Practice Stopping Distances - Answers

i) iii) greater the speed the greater the

braking force (required)
• distance travelled under the braking
force must mention both speed and force
(1 mark)
• accept distance travelled between
applying the brakes and stopping (1
(b) 22.5 m/s (can be different)
mark)
allow 1 mark for showing correct use
(ii) any one from: (1 mark) of the graph with misread figures
• icy / wet roads (GRADIENT CALC STEEPEST with
• accept weather (conditions) tangent)

• (worn) tyres or
• road surface for showing e.g. 90÷4
• accept gradient of road an answer 17 gains 1 mark
• mass (of car and passengers)
any answer such as 17.4 or 17.5
• accept number of passengers scores 0
• (efficiency / condition of the) brakes. 2
Animated Science
2022
 Mr D Powell
2022
Animated Science
2022

Lesson 10 Terminal Velocity (2 hours)

Key Idea: How resultant forces cause a change in

velocity of an object

I can understand what a force does

to everyday objects.

4
I can explain what happens to an object if all the
forces acting on it cancel each other out and
support my ideas with some maths.
5/6
I can analyse how this applies to everyday situations in
detail using Mathematical arguments and explanation in
term of Newtons laws...
7/8
I can explain how terminal velocity works in detail and use Freebody
forces diagrams and graphs to assist my explanation Animated Science
2022
Upside down, inside out? Normal Video Behind the Scenes Video

Task…

1. Watch the short video

2. Discuss with a partner how

Newtons 2nd law might
apply and to what part of
their flight…

Second law: The acceleration “a” of a body is

parallel and directly proportional to the resultant
force “F” and inversely proportional to the mass
“m”

F = ma or

Animated Science
2022
Quick Review From previous lesson….

The diagram shows the forces acting on a parachutist in

free fall. The parachutist has a mass of 75 kg.

• Calculate the weight of the parachutist.

• gravitational field strength = 10 N/kg.
• Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations
Sheet.
• Show clearly how you work out your answer and give
the unit.

......................................................................................................
weight = mass x gravity
........................................................................................................
w = mg
........................................................................................................
w = 75kg x 10Nkg-1
........................................................................................................
w= 750NWeight = .................................................... (3)

Animated Science
2022
Lesson 10 Forces and Motion – Terminal Velocity Literacy Task
The graph shows how the vertical velocity of a parachutist changes
from the moment the parachutist jumps from the aircraft until
landing on the ground. Use the grid space below to draw a series of

Velocity m/s
free body diagrams to show the forces acting on a falling object and
complete the table (6 marks – 1 for each correct column use a ruler!)

Exam Question 1
Using the idea of forces linked to motion to explain why the
parachutist reaches a terminal velocity and why opening the
parachute reduces the terminal velocity. You will need to write this in
your book as 1 page of A4 as neatly as you can In this question you
will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate. (6 marks)

Forces
Diagram
(free body)

Then as the
At the start only The forces Drag rapidly The forces
skydiver falls drag Sky diver lands
Forces weight acts balance out increases balance out
increases (Rf = down)
(Rf = down) (Rf = 0) (Rf = up large) (Rf = 0)
(Rf = down small)

Time /s 0 5 27

Velocity ms-1 60 8 0
Animated Science
2022
Lesson 10 Forces and Motion – Terminal Velocity
The graph shows how the vertical velocity of a parachutist changes
from the moment the parachutist jumps from the aircraft until
landing on the ground. Use the grid space below to draw a series of

Velocity m/s
free body diagrams to show the forces acting on a falling object and
complete the table (6 marks – 1 for each correct column use a
ruler!)

Exam Question 1
Using the idea of forces linked to motion to explain why the
parachutist reaches a terminal velocity and why opening the
parachute reduces the terminal velocity. You will need to write this
in your book as 1 page of A4 as neatly as you can In this question
you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. (6 marks)

RF S
Forces
Diagram
(free body)
RF
RF
Then as the
Sky diver lands
At the start only skydiver falls The forces Drag rapidly The forces
(Rf = down)
Forces weight acts drag increases balance out increases balance out
(then balances
(Rf = down) (Rf = down (Rf = 0) (Rf = up large) (Rf = 0)
with support)
small)
Time /s 0 5 16 27 30 55

Velocity ms-1 0 36 60 40 8 0
Responses.... 1 mark ????
What force do
they mean here?

What force do
they mean here?

Have they linked

the change of
forces (as a pair)
to the TV?

Animated Science
2022
Responses.... 2 marks ????
No or balanced
forces?

Full stop and

capital??

How does it
change?

Animated Science
2022
Responses.... 5 marks ??

One is greater 

Forces balance –
causing TV

Discusses Rf

Big increase in air

resistance

Animated Science
2022
Mark Scheme Terminal Velocity
Level 1 (1-2 marks) examples of the physics points made in the response to
explain…
There is a brief attempt to explain why the
velocity / speed of the parachutist changes. first terminal velocity
or • on leaving the plane the only force acting is weight
the effect of opening the parachute on (downwards)
velocity/speed is given. • accept gravity for weight throughout
• as parachutist falls air resistance acts (upwards)
Level 2 (3-4 marks) • accept drag / friction for air resistance
• weight greater than air resistance
The change in velocity / speed is clearly explained in OR
terms of force(s) • resultant force downwards
or • (resultant force downwards) so parachutist accelerates
a reasoned argument for the open parachute • as velocity / speed increases so does air resistance
producing a lower speed. • terminal velocity reached when air resistance = weight
• accept terminal velocity reached when forces are balanced
Level 3 (5-6 marks)
to explain second lower terminal velocity
There is a clear and detailed explanation as to why • opening parachute increases surface area which increases
the parachutist air resistance
reaches terminal velocity • air resistance is greater than weight
and • resultant force acts upwards so the parachutist decelerates
a reasoned argument for the open parachute / slows down
producing a lower speed • the lower velocity means a reduced air resistance
• air resistance and weight become equal but at a lower
TASK: Read the levels ideas, then the marking points, (terminal) velocity so the resultant force is zero
tick the work each time you find a point, then double
check what level you are at and give the work an
Animated Science
overall mark. Then use a green pen to upgrade! 2022
Mark Scheme Terminal Velocity Level 1 (1-2 marks)

first terminal velocity There is a brief attempt

to explain why the
• on leaving the plane the only force acting is weight (downwards) velocity / speed of the
• accept gravity for weight throughout parachutist changes.
or
• as parachutist falls air resistance acts (upwards) the effect of opening the
• accept drag / friction for air resistance parachute on
velocity/speed is given.
• weight greater than air resistance
OR Level 2 (3-4 marks)

• resultant force downwards The change in velocity /

• (resultant force downwards) so parachutist accelerates speed is clearly explained
in terms of force(s)
• as velocity / speed increases so does air resistance or
• terminal velocity reached when air resistance = weight a reasoned argument for
the open parachute
• accept terminal velocity reached when forces are balanced producing a lower speed.

Level 3 (5-6 marks)

to explain second lower terminal velocity
• opening parachute increases surface area which increases air There is a clear and
detailed explanation as
resistance to why the parachutist
• air resistance is greater than weight reaches terminal velocity
and
• resultant force acts upwards so the parachutist decelerates / slows a reasoned argument for
down the open parachute
producing a lower speed
• the lower velocity means a reduced air resistance
• air resistance and weight become equal but at a lower (terminal)
velocity so the resultant force is zero Animated Science
2022
Terminal Velocity
Quick Summary

1. Resultant force downwards

2. (resultant force downwards) so

parachutist accelerates

3. As velocity / speed increases so

does air resistance

4. Terminal velocity reached when

air resistance = weight

5. Terminal velocity reached when

forces are balanced

Animated Science
2022
 Terminal Velocity Assessment Criteria Terminal Velocity Assessment Criteria
You will write an experimental report for this practical task. You will write an experimental report for this practical task.
https://www.focuselearning.co.uk/s/2awpwphnyf4d https://www.focuselearning.co.uk/s/2awpwphnyf4d
It must include six sections (there is a help sheet for this): It must include six sections (there is a help sheet for this):
1. Aim/ Variables 1. Aim/ Variables
2. Theory 2. Theory
3. Method 3. Method
4. Results 4. Results
5. Graph 5. Graph
6. Conclusion 6. Conclusion

Item Present / Not Present / Item Present / Not Present /

Good Poor Good Poor

Title / Date Title / Date

SPAG/ Legible writing SPAG/ Legible writing

6 sections 6 sections
Defined Variables inc type Defined Variables inc type

Theory Resultant Forces Explained Theory Resultant Forces Explained

Method Clear Steps Method Clear Steps

SLAP Graph Speed v Distance SLAP Graph Speed v Distance

Conclusion with graph explained Conclusion with graph explained

Total Total
Comment…. Comment….
Lesson 10 Terminal Velocity
If we think about an object, we can usually identify the forces that are acting on it. For
example, an apple growing on a tree has the force of gravity acting downwards; this is its
weight. There is another force acting, vertically upwards. through the stalk. These two forces
are equal and opposite. They cancel out and the apple doesn't move.

Let's think of another situation: that of a parachutist. The parachutist jumped out of an aircraft
and is falling. After a while, the parachutist reaches a steady speed. There is a downwards force
weight, and an upwards force, which is called drag. or air resistance. When these two forces
are equal and opposite, they cancel out.

An object may have several forces acting on it. A number of forces acting on an object may be
replaced by a single force that has the same effect as all the original forces acting together. This
single force Is called the resultant force.

FR = Sum of all forces

= Big – Small (this gives magnitude or size and direction)

If the forces are in balance they cancel each other out and the resultant force is zero. The
object behaves as If there Is no force on it at all. The object will be in equilibrium and it will
not accelerate.

Newton's first law (inertia) says that, If the resultant force acting on an object Is zero it will…
• if stationary, remain stationary
• if moving, keep moving at a steady speed in a straight line.

Deep in space. with no drag or gravitational forces to affect If a spacecraft moving with its
rockets of will keep moving forever without slowing down or speeding up.

Applying Newton's first law one of the most important questions to ask about a situation in
which forces are acting on an object is whether the resultant force In a certain direction Is zero.
In this case Newton's first law applies and a stationary object will remain at rest and If the
object Is moving it will continue to move In a straight line and at constant velocity. Examples of
this are a boulder resting on the ground and a bicycle being pedalled along a level road at
steady speed in a straight line. Animated Science
2022
Lesson 10 Terminal Velocity
Questions….
1) The weight of the apple is 1 N. What is the force upwards in the
stalk?

2) When a parachutist opens the parachute:

a What will happen to the size of the drag force?
b Will the two forces still be in balance immediately after the
parachute opens?

3 Is it always true that when all the forces on an object balance out
it will be stationary?

4) If the resultant of two forces is zero, what must be true about

their size and their direction?

5) Look at the forces shown on the car. If the resultant of the forces
is zero. what must be true about the sizes of those forces?

Higher Challenge …

6) In addition to the forces shown on the car there will also be

weight, acting downwards, and a reaction force, acting upwards. Exam Question 2…
Now do these also obey Newton's first law?
A ball is dropped from
7) Explain why there is a zero resultant force for a boulder on the a very large height.
ground? The graph shows how
the velocity of the ball
8) Explain why there is a zero resultant force in the horizontal changes until just
direction for a bicycle being pedalled along a level road at steady before it hits the
speed in a straight line? ground. Explain why
the velocity of the ball
9) Explain why, in the example of the bicycle, if the cyclist gets tired. changes in this way.
the resultant force may no longer be zero? Refer to ideas about
forces in your Animated Science
answer. 2022
Lesson 10 Terminal Velocity - Answers
1 1N
2a The drag force will increase.
2b No, the force up is larger than the force down.
3 No, the object could also be moving at a constant speed (in a straight line).

4 Their size must be the same (magnitude) and opposite directions.

5 The forces must be the same size.

Harder…

6 The weight acting downwards must have an equal size to the reaction force acting
upwards so that they balance out.

7 The reaction force from the ground balances the weight of the boulder.

8 The driving force forward on the bicycle is balancing out the drag from the air.

9 The driving force will decrease but the drag force remains the same (for the same
speed). This means that there is an unbalanced force opposing the motion and the
bicycle slows down.
Animated Science
2022
Terminal Velocity of a Spinner - Practical

Aim: To Investigate the effect of wing diameter on the terminal

velocity of a spinner.
Method https://youtu.be/xJh7fLRL0ms
fold
1. Use the cut outs of the shape below to make a spinner like a
sycamore seed.

2. You will cut along the solid lines and fold along the dotted
lines.

3. Attached a paperclip to the base to act as a weight

4. The spinner will be released from a height of around 2.00m.

5. The spinner will be timed over the final metre of its journey
cut
(this is when it is travelling at terminal velocity).

6. A graph will be plotted with Terminal Velocity (m/s) on the y-

axis and Diameter (cm) on the x-axis.
Animated Science
2022
Terminal Velocity of a Spinner
Practical Key Terms Answer
Independent Variable Diameter of Spinner (m)
Dependent Variable Terminal Velocity of Spinner (m/s)
Mass of Spinner (kg)
Control Variables Distance travelled or displacement of
Spinner (m)
Stopwatch (time)
Key Apparatus to take
measurements Metre Ruler (distance)

Reducing Effects of Random Repeat the experiment three times for each
Errors diameter and take an average of the speed.

Equation

Time /s
Terminal
Diameter / Velocity
cm 1 2 3 Mean (distance i.e.
1m/time)
Animated Science
2022
Terminal Velocity of a Spinner - Worksheet
Aim: To investigate the effect of wing diameter on the
terminal velocity of a spinner.

Method https://youtu.be/xJh7fLRL0ms

1. Use the cut outs of the shape to make a spinner Practical Key Answer fold
like a sycamore seed. Terms

2. You will cut along the solid lines and fold along Independent
the dotted lines. Variable

3. Attach a paperclip to the base to act as a weight

where possible
Dependent
4. The spinner will be released from a height of Variable
around 2.00m.
5. The spinner will be timed over the final metre of
its journey (this is when it is travelling at terminal Control
velocity). Variables

6. Repeat each reading 3 times to reduce the effect Key Apparatus

to measure with
of random errors and take a mean cut
7. Repeat the experiment for shorter wing lengths. Reducing Effects
i.e 26, 24, 22…. 6cm (diameter) of Random
Errors
8. Plot a graph with Terminal Velocity (m/s) on the y-
axis and Diameter (cm) on the x-axis. SLAP your
graph Equation
Animated Science
2022
Results Conclusion
• Write a conclusion the describes the change of Terminal
Velocity with Diameter.
• Comment on whether the graph is a straight line or curve.
• If it is curved, does it get steeper or shallower – support your
comment with at least 2 data points

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Criteria Mark
S Scales cannot be doubled and even X/Y ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Line of Best Fit smooth shows the
L trend
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
A Axis X-Y labels and units
P Points clear cross “x” and correct ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Results Conclusion
Time /s Terminal • Write a conclusion the describes the change of Terminal
Diameter Velocity Velocity with Diameter.
/ cm (distance i.e.
1 2 3 Mean 1m/time)
• Comment on whether the graph is a straight line or curve.
• If it is curved, does it get steeper or shallower – support your
26 1.69 1.62 1.41 comment with at least 2 data points

24 1.42 1.32 1.28

22 1.15 1.06 1.05 ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

20 0.85 1.05 1.25 ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

18 1.09 0.91 0.85
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
16 0.83 0.84 0.88

14 0.75 0.71 0.69 ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

12 0.72 0.67 0.68 ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

10 0.57 0.60 0.60

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
8 0.58 0.52 0.55
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Criteria Mark
S Scales cannot be doubled and even X/Y ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Line of Best Fit smooth shows the
L trend
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
A Axis X-Y labels and units
P Points clear cross “x” and correct ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
 Wing 1

cut
Wing length( cm)
fold

cut

fold
Body

fold

cut
Wing 2

Wing 1

cut
Wing length( cm)
fold

cut

fold
Body

fold

cut
Wing 2

cut Wing 1
Wing length( cm)
fold

cut
fold

Body

fold
cut

Wing 2

NB: Print on card

Terminal Velocity (5 mark) Literacy Exercise

A ball is dropped from a very large height. The graph shows how the velocity of the
ball changes until just before it hits the ground.

Explain why the velocity of the ball changes in this way. Refer to ideas about forces
in your answer. Don’t write anything in the space after the dotted line. (5 marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………
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Animated Science
……………………………………………………………………………………… 2022
MP1. weight / downward force (acts on the ball); allow MP1. weight / downward force (acts on the ball); allow
‘gravity pulls it down’ ‘gravity pulls it down’

MP2. so it accelerates; the velocity/speed increases MP2. so it accelerates; the velocity/speed increases
MP3. there is drag (acting upwards); air resistance / air MP3. there is drag (acting upwards); air resistance / air
friction friction

MP4. drag increases with velocity/speed; MP4. drag increases with velocity/speed;

MP5. idea that eventually drag = weight; allow ‘forces are MP5. idea that eventually drag = weight; allow ‘forces are
equal/balanced’ equal/balanced’

MP6. (hence) resultant force is zero; MP6. (hence) resultant force is zero;

MP7. ball falls at a constant velocity/speed OR ball has MP7. ball falls at a constant velocity/speed OR ball has
zero acceleration; allow ‘reaches terminal velocity zero acceleration; allow ‘reaches terminal velocity

MP1. weight / downward force (acts on the ball); allow MP1. weight / downward force (acts on the ball); allow
‘gravity pulls it down’ ‘gravity pulls it down’

MP2. so it accelerates; the velocity/speed increases MP2. so it accelerates; the velocity/speed increases
MP3. there is drag (acting upwards); air resistance / air MP3. there is drag (acting upwards); air resistance / air
friction friction

MP4. drag increases with velocity/speed; MP4. drag increases with velocity/speed;

MP5. idea that eventually drag = weight; allow ‘forces are MP5. idea that eventually drag = weight; allow ‘forces are
equal/balanced’ equal/balanced’

MP6. (hence) resultant force is zero; MP6. (hence) resultant force is zero;

MP7. ball falls at a constant velocity/speed OR ball has MP7. ball falls at a constant velocity/speed OR ball has
zero acceleration; allow ‘reaches terminal velocity zero acceleration; allow ‘reaches terminal velocity
Exam Question - Answers
A ball is dropped from a very large height.
The graph shows how the velocity of the ball
changes until just before it hits the ground.
Explain why the velocity of the ball changes in this
way. Refer to ideas about forces in your answer.
(5 marks)

MP1. weight / downward force (acts on the ball); allow ‘gravity pulls it down’

MP2. so it accelerates; the velocity/speed increases

MP3. there is drag (acting upwards); air resistance / air friction

MP4. drag increases with velocity/speed;

MP5. idea that eventually drag = weight; allow ‘forces are equal/balanced’

MP6. (hence) resultant force is zero;

MP7. ball falls at a constant velocity/speed OR ball has zero acceleration; allow ‘reaches
terminal velocity’ Animated Science
2022
Investigating TV with Oil.

1. Pour 100ml of oil into the cylinder and get a spare

cylinder to pour into.

2. Get 2 stopwatches, 3 dice and some paper to prevent

spillage.

3. Get two people down to eye level to time the fall

between 90-70 & 50&30vml. Each reading should be a
paired reading.

4. Record the times in your table.

5. Repeat 5 times in total. Enter results in table

Animated Science
2022
Simple Exp

Time /s
Distance
between Velocity /ms-1
bands /m 1 2 3 Ave

0.100 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.32

0.120

Basic Task:
1. Use the elastic bands to produce a fixed distance to time the fall.
2. Repeat your readings and take a mean.
3. Work out the velocity each time. (comment on it, is it terminal?)
4. Write a conclusion including a comment on any errors in the experiment,
explaining how a “mean” reduced the random errors.
Expanding: Discuss your readings with another group to check if your results are
reproducible by others, comment on this as well writing them into your table.
Animated Science
2022
Example Results

1ooMl Cylinder - Trying to Establish the Terminal Velocity of Oil

Velocity
1st 1st Velocity 2nd 2nd Velocity
Difference
Timing /s Distance /m m/s Timing /s Distance /m m/s
m/s
1
0.53 0.034 0.06 0.53 0.034 0.06 0
2
0.56 0.034 0.06 0.69 0.034 0.05 0.01
3
0.55 0.034 0.06 0.57 0.034 0.06 0
4
0.53 0.034 0.06 0.52 0.034 0.07 -0.01
5
0.56 0.034 0.06 0.54 0.034 0.06 0

Animated Science
2022
Free Body Diagram - Review
Word Bank…
1. Pick either the left first, then right image (harder)
to discuss with a partner. • Reaction OR Support
• Weight
2. Draw a cartoon of it on a whiteboard. • Lift
• Drag
3. Add the forces labels on using the word bank. • Thrust

4. Think about how the forces would interact

together.

5. Assign some values to the situation.

6. Decide how they might move and draw a

resultant on your diagram.

Animated Science
2022
 Q7 – 1B Motion / C2 Terminal Velocity

2018 June Paper 1

www.animatedscience.co.uk

1 Forces and Motion 2 Electricity 3 Waves 4 Energy

5 Solid Liquids Gases 6 Magnetism 7 Radioactivity 8 Astrophysics

iGCSE Edexcel 1-9 – Mr Powell Animated Science
2022
Supplied Equations This is the list given for Paper 1, the rest you need to know!

Animated Science
2022
7 (a) The diagram shows a coin being dropped
from a height. The graph shows how the
velocity of the coin changes until it hits the
ground.

(1)
acceleration = change in velocity / time (taken);

allow standard symbols and rearrangements a = (v-u)/t

(3)

substitution acceleration = (6.1 - 0) / 0.62

evaluation acceleration = 9.8
unit allow 10, 9.8387…
m/s2 or ms-2 or m/s/s

Animated Science
2022
7 iii/ iv
Gradient or slope

height = area under the line (seen explicitly

height = area under the line;
or implied by working)
height = 0.5 x 6.1 x 0.62
use of ½ x base x height;
height = 1.9m allow range of 1.88-1.92
evaluation

Animated Science
2022
7b
(b) A ball is dropped from a very large height.
The graph shows how the velocity of the ball
changes until just before it hits the ground.

Explain why the velocity of the ball changes in

this way.
Refer to ideas about forces in your answer.
(5)
MP1. weight / downward force (acts on the ball); allow ‘gravity pulls it down’

MP2. so it accelerates; the velocity/speed increases

MP3. there is drag (acting upwards); air resistance / air friction

MP4. drag increases with velocity/speed;

MP5. idea that eventually drag = weight; allow ‘forces are equal/balanced’

MP6. (hence) resultant force is zero;

MP7. ball falls at a constant velocity/speed OR ball has zero acceleration; allow
‘reaches terminal velocity’
Animated Science
2022
Exam Question Practice - F = ma
The diagram shows a coin being dropped from a height. 10
The graph shows how the velocity of the coin changes
until it hits the ground.

(1)

(3)
v) Draw and name the forces arrows on this stationary car (2)