Life Sciences
Topic: Genetics and inheritance
1. Concepts of inheritance
2. Monohybrid crosses
3. Sex-determination
Presenters: Nonhlanhla Mtshali & Vedika Maharaj
11 April 2022
GENETICS AND INHERITANCE - (48 marks)
Genetics and inheritance
Concepts in Monohybrid Sex - linked Pedigree Genetic
inheritance: cross: inheritance: diagrams/ enginee- Paternity
Understanding Doing family tree ring: testing:
Doing
the relevant genetic genetic are used to (i) Stem cell The use of
concepts in problems problems study the research blood
genetics e.g. involving involving two inheritance grouping
genotypes, sex -linked of (ii) and DNA
one
phenotypes, disorders i.e. characteris- Genetically profiles for
characteris-
homozygous, haemophilia tics in a modified paternity
tic with 2
heterozygous and colour family over a organisms testing
alleles using
etc. a template blindness number of (iii) Cloning
Mendel’s laws format generations
Concepts in inheritance
CONCEPTS OF GENETICS
Concepts
❖ Chromatin vs Chromosomes commonly
confused and
❖ Genes vs Alleles
used
❖ Dominant allele vs Recessive allele interchangeably
❖ Phenotype vs Genotype
❖ Homozygous vs Heterozygous
CHROMATIN vs CHROMOSOME
https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/chromatin.html
GENES vs ALLELES
Gene: a segment of DNA/a chromosome that codes for
a particular characteristic
Allele: alleles are alternate forms of a gene localised on
the same locus on homologous chromosomes.
.
PHENOTYPE vs GENOTYPE
Phenotype: This is the external, physical appearance of an organism.
The phenotype is determined by the genotype. (phenotype, when both
recessive gene alleles are present e.g.: bb)
Genotype: This is the total genetic composition of an organism. It is the
information present in the gene alleles, for example BB, Bb or bb.
.
https://microbenotes.com/phenotype-vs-genotype/
HOMOZYGOUS vs HETEROZYGOUS
If alleles of the same characteristic are both the same, the
organism will be homozygous for that characteristic. If the
alleles for a characteristic are different the organism is
described as heterozygous for that characteristic.
.
DOMINANT ALLELE vs RECESSIVE ALLELE
.Dominant allele: An allele that masks or
suppresses the expression of the allele partner
on the chromosome pair and the dominant
characteristic is seen in the homozygous (e.g.:
TT) and heterozygous state (e.g.: Tt) in the
phenotype.
Recessive allele: An allele that is suppressed
when the allele partner is dominant. The
recessive trait will only be expressed/seen in the
phenotype if both alleles for the trait are
homozygous recessive (e.g.: tt)
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE
Exam
Guideline
Pg 11
Exam
Guideline
Pg 12
Exam
Guideline
Pg 12
Monohybrid crosses
A cross between two
organisms involving
ONE trait.
FORMAT OF A GENETIC CROSS
The visible trait is the phenotype e.g.
tallness, shortness
The genetic make-up of the individual is
it’s genotype e.g. TT or Tt or tt
The alleles segregate (separate) during
meiosis to form gametes
During fertilization the individual gets one
allele from each parent
FORMAT OF A GENETIC CROSS
Remember that by
writing P1 and F1 &
meiosis and
fertilization in the
correct sequence you
can get 2 marks
Format of a genetic cross diagram
made logical.
https://youtu.be/oYknZYaziw0
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
(Red)
(White)
A genetic interaction where
RR x rr
one allele of a gene suppress
the expression of an
alternative allele in the F1
heterozygote (e.g. Bb) so that
the phenotype is the same as
that of the dominant allele.
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
Four types of crosses that can be carried out in complete
dominance:
1. Homozygous dominant X homozygous recessive
2. Heterozygous X heterozygous
3. Homozygous dominant X heterozygous
4. Homozygous recessive X heterozygous
E.g.: In rabbits, the allele for black fur colour (B) is dominant over the allele
for white fur colour (b). The inheritance of fur colour is controlled by two
alleles namely:
Black fur (B) and White fur (b)
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
1. Homozygous dominant X homozygous recessive
P1 Phenotype: Black x White
Genotype: BB x bb
Meiosis
Gametes: B, B x b, b
Fertilization
B B
b Bb Bb
b Bb Bb
F1 (first filial generation = first offspring)
Genotype: Bb
Phenotype: 100% black
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
2. Heterozygous X heterozygous
P1 Phenotype: Black x Black
Genotype: Bb x Bb
Meiosis
Gametes: B, b x B, b
Fertilisation
B b
B BB Bb
F1 b Bb bb
Genotype: BB: Bb: Bb: bb
1 : 2 : 1
Phenotype: 75% Black and 25% white
3 : 1
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
3. Homozygous dominant X heterozygous
P1 Phenotype: Black x Black
Genotype: BB x Bb
Meiosis
Gametes: B, B x B, b
Fertilisation
B B
B BB BB
b Bb Bb
F1
Genotype: BB: BB: Bb: Bb
1 : 1
Phenotype: 100% black
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
4. Homozygous recessive X heterozygous
P1 Phenotype: White x Black
Genotype: bb x Bb
Meiosis
Gametes: b, b x B, b
Fertilisation
B b
b Bb Bb
b bb bb
F1
Genotype: Bb : Bb: bb: bb
1 : 1
Phenotype: 50% black and 50% white
QUESTION (2018 NOV P2)
Flower colour (purple or white) in a particular plant species
is controlled by two alleles, D and d. Four crosses were 3 State Mendel's Law of Segregation. (3)
carried out to determine which allele is dominant. Forty -
(40) offspring were produced in each cross. The
phenotypes of the parents and offspring in each cross 4 Use a genetic cross to show how the
were recorded. crossing of two purple flowering plants
The results are shown in the table below: can produce white offspring, as in cross
2. (6)
1 State the dominant flower colour. (1)
2 Use cross 1 to explain your answer to QUESTION 2.4.1. (2)
QUESTION (2018 NOV P2)
Flower colour (purple or white) in a particular plant species
is controlled by two alleles, D and d. Four crosses were 3 State Mendel's Law of Segregation. (3)
carried out to determine which allele is dominant. Forty - An organism possesses two 'factors‘✓
(40) offspring were produced in each cross. The which separate or segregate ✓ so that
phenotypes of the parents and offspring in each cross each gamete contains only one of
were recorded.
these 'factors' ✓
The results are shown in the table below:
4 Use a genetic cross to show how the
crossing of two purple flowering plants
can produce white offspring, as in cross
2. (6)
1 State the dominant flower colour. (1)
Purple✓
2 Use cross 1 to explain your answer to QUESTION 2.4.1. (2)
When purple and white flowering plants are crossed ✓
all offspring have purple flowers✓ /no white flowers
4
P1: phenotype Purple X Purple✓
genotype Dd Dd✓
Meiosis
Gametes D d D d
Fertilisation
F1: Genotype DD Dd Dd dd✓
Phenotype Purple Purple Purple White
3 Purple: 1 white*✓
P1 and F1✓
Meiosis and fertilization✓
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE VS CO- DOMINANCE
Red (RR) White (WW) Red (RR) White (WW)
X
X
Both alleles of a gene are
equally dominant
whereby both
alleles express
themselves in the
phenotype in the
heterozygous condition
Pink (RW)
Neither one of the two alleles of a gene is
Red and white
dominant over the other, resulting in an (RW)
intermediate phenotype in the heterozygous
condition
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE VS CO- DOMINANCE
P1 Phenotype: Red x White P1 Phenotype Red x White
Genotype: RR x WW
Genotype RR x WW
Meiosis Meiosis
Gametes R, R x W, W
Gametes R, R, x W, W
Fertilisation Fertilisation
R R
R R
W RW RW
W RW RW
W RW RW
W RW RW
F1 Genotype: RW RW RW RW
F1 Genotype: RW; RW; RW; RW
Phenotype: ( red and white)
Phenotype: 100% pink (Both alleles are equally dominant and are expressed in
the phenotype)
QUESTION (2021 MAY-JUNE P2)
In bunnies, fur colour may be black, white or grey. The inheritance
of fur colour is controlled by two alleles namely:
Black fur (B) and White fur (W)
1 Explain why fur colour in bunnies is an example of
inheritance with incomplete dominance. (2)
- The grey fur colour is an intermediate phenotype✓ /a blend of
black and white
- This indicates that neither of the alleles is dominant.✓
2. Use a genetic cross to show the expected genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring when a grey male mates with a
black female. (6)
2.
P1: Phenotype Grey X Black ✓
Genotype BW BB ✓
Meiosis
Gametes B W B B
Fertilisation
F1: Genotype BB BB BW BW✓
Phenotype Black Black Grey Grey
2 Black : 2 Grey *✓
P1 and F1✓
Meiosis and fertilization✓
ACTIVITY
1
A farmer has an orchard of apple trees. Each
apple produced expressed red and yellow colour
equally (red-yellow apples). To extend his apple
orchard, the farmer collected seeds from the
red-yellow apples and grew them. When the new
trees matured, he found that some of the trees
produced red apples (R), others produced yellow
apples (Y) and the rest produced apples that
were red-yellow.
1 Use a genetic cross to explain his results
in the F1 generation. (6)
2 What proportion of apples in the F1 generation
will be red-yellow apples? (1)
50%✓ / half
ACTIVITY
A farmer has an orchard of apple trees. Each 3 The farmer saw that the red-yellow apples
apple produced expressed red and yellow colour sell the best.
equally (red-yellow apples). To extend his apple Name the phenotypes of the trees that he
orchard, the farmer collected seeds from the should cross in the future in order to ensure
red-yellow apples and grew them. When the new that any new trees will definitely produce only
trees matured, he found that some of the trees red-yellow apples.
produced red apples (R), others produced yellow (6)
apples (Y) and the rest produced apples that
were red-yellow. A tree with red apples ✓ should be crossed with
a tree that produces yellow apples ✓
SEX DETERMINATION
In humans, there are 46 chromosomes (23 from the mother
and 23 from the father).
• 22 pairs of chromosomes in humans are autosomes
• 1 pair of chromosomes are sex chromosomes or
gonosomes
• Males have XY chromosomes and
• Females have XX chromosomes at pair 23
SEX DETERMINATION
Female Male
First 22 pairs: autosomes
Last pair (23): gonosomes
• XX in females
• XY in males
SEX DETERMINATION
Note: during meiosis
Males produce two types of sperm:
half will have 22 + X chromosomes,
and the other half will have 22 + Y
chromosomes.
Depending on which sperm reaches
the egg, there is a 50% chance of the
zygote being male and a 50% chance
of the zygote being female.
Sex-determination
ACTIVITY 1
1. The diagram below shows the karyotypes of two 1.1 What term is given to the chromosomes
individuals. numbered:
(a) 1 to 22 (1) autosomes ✓
(b) 23 (1) gonosomes ✓
1.2 State the gender of individual P. (1)
male ✓
1.3 Give ONE observable reason for your answer
to QUESTION 1. 2. (2)
- Chromosome pair 23 ✓
- is non-homologous✓
OR
- The karyotype has chromosome pair XY ✓✓
ACTIVITY 1
2. Lindiwe has two sons, and she is now pregnant for the third time.
Use a genetic cross to show the percentage chance that this child could be a boy.
ACTIVITY 2
The diagram below represents the chromosomes from the human somatic cells of two
individuals who are twins.
1. What are somatic cells?
2. Name the specific type of
chromosomes numbered 1 to 22.
3. Each of the pairs shown is a
homologous pair of chromosomes.
State the origin of each chromosome in
a homologous pair during zygote
formation.
4. Explain ONE observable reason why
the two individuals are not identical
twins.
Answers Activity 2
1. Body cells/cells in the body except the sex cells
2. Autosomes
3. One chromosome comes from the sperm/father
and the other comes from the ovum/mother
4. Gonosomes are not identical/chromosomes at
position 23 are not identical
Individual 1 has XY gonosomes/is a male
Individual 2 has XX gonosomes/is a female
Activity 3
• Use a genetic cross to show how gender in human offspring is
determined by the sex chromosomes of the parents.
THANK YOU
