HUMAN HEALTH AND
DISEASES
• Health:
• Health is defined as a state of
complete physical, mental and social
well-being.
• When people are healthy, they are more efficient at
work. This increases productivity and brings
economic prosperity.
• Health also increases long life and reduces
infant and maternal mortality.
• The good health is maintained by
balanced diet, personal hygiene and
regular exercise.
• The health is affected by –
1. Genetic disorders .
2. Infections.
3. Life style including Diet, rest and exercise. Drug
and alcohol abuse also affect our health adversely.
• Diseases are grouped into infectious and
non- infectious.
• Diseases which are easily transmitted from one
person to another are called infectious diseases.
• Diseases which are not transmitted from one
person to another are called non infectious
diseases..
• Cancer is the non-infectious that cause
• COMMON DISEASES IN HUMANS:
• organisms belonging to
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, helminths, etc., cou
ld cause diseases in man. Such disease causing
organisms are called pathogens.
• TYPHOID:
• Pathogen: Salmonella typhi (bacterium)
• Organs affected: small intestine, migrate to other
organs through blood.
• Method of transmission: contamination of food and
water.
• Symptoms:
• High fever (390 to 400 C)
• Weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache
and loss of appetite.
• Intestinal perforation may leads to death.
• Test: Typhoid fever could be confirmed by Widal
test.
• PNEUMONIA:
• Pathogen: Streptococcus pneumoniae and
Haemophilus influenzae.
• Organs affected: Alveoli of lungs, alveoli get filled
with fluid.
• Method of transmission: Inhaling the
droplets/aerosols released by infected person.
• Symptoms:
• Fever, chills, cough and headache.
• In severe cases the lips and finger nails turn gray to
bluish colour.
• COMMON COLD:
• Pathogen: Rhino viruses.
•Organs affected: nose and
respiratory passage
• Method of transmission:
• Direct inhalation of
droplets from infected
person.
• Through contaminated objects like
pen, books, cups, computer key board.
• Symptoms:
• Nasal congestion and discharge, sore
throat, hoarseness, cough. tiredness, etc.,
• It usually last for 3-7 days.
• MALARIA:
• Pathogen: Plasmodium. (P. vivax, P. malariae, P.
ovale, P. falciparum)
• Malignant malaria caused by P. falciparum is
fatal.
• Organs affected: liver, RBC.
• Method of transmission: By biting of female
anopheles mosquito (vector)
• Symptoms: high fever and chill, fever occurs on
every alternate day, vomiting.
• PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES:
• Maintenance of personal and public hygiene.
• Personal hygiene includes Consumption of clean drinking
water, food vegetable fruits. Keeping the body clean.
• Public hygiene includes Proper disposal of waste and
excreta
• Periodic cleaning water reservoirs, pools.
• Avoiding close contact with the infected persons.
• For vector borne diseases controlling vectors and the
breeding places.
• Avoiding stagnation of water in and around
residential areas.
• Use of mosquito nets.
• Window and doors must be fitted with wire mesh.
• All these precautions are use full for vector borne disease like
Immunity:
Immunity is the ability of an organism to resist infection or to
overcome infection.
• There are two types of immunity:
1. Innate (non-specific) Immunity.
2. Acquired (specific) Immunity.
• Innate or Non-specific Immunity: It is the inborn or natural
immunity.
It is of two types,
1. Surface barrier.
2. Cellular and Biochemical barrier.
• Surface barrier: It is the first line body defense. It includes the
external barriers that checks the entry of pathogens into
body.
• It is identified as physical barrier and Physiological (chemical)
barrier.
THANK YOU
