PLACENTA
Presented by
SAHELI SARKAR
M.Sc nursing 1st year
B.M. Birla college of nursing
PLACENTA:
IT IS A FETOMATERNAL ORGAN
THE HUMAN PLACENTA IS DISCOID IN SHAPE
HEMOCHORIAL BECAUSE OF DIRECT CONTACT OF OF THE
CHORION WITH THE MATERNAL BLOOD.
DECIDUATE BECAUSE SOME MATERNAL TISSUE IS SHED AT
PARTUTION.
ANATOMY:
- CIRCULAR DISK SHAPE.
- PLACENTA VOLUME IS ABOUT 500 ML
- DIAMETER 15-20 CM.
- THICKNESS 3 CM AT CENTRE & THIN OFF
TOWARD EDGE.
- WEIGHT 500GM
- PROPORTION TO THE WEIGHT OF THE BABY
BEING ROUGHLY 1:6 AT TERM AND OCCUPIES
ABOUT 30% OF THE UTERINE WALL
- 15-20 COTYLEDONS PRESENT
- ATTACHMENT WITH THE UTERINE WALL.
DEVELOPED FROM TWO SOURCES:
• THE PRINCIPAL COMPONENT
IS FETAL WHICH DEVELOPS
FROM THE CHORION
FRONDOSUM
• THE MATERNAL COMPONENT CONSISTS OF
DECIDUA BASALIS.
FIG: DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA
PLACENTA CONSISTS OF TWO PLATES:
- BASAL PLATE:
LIES TO MATERNAL ASPECT
- CHORIONIC PLATE:
LINED BY THE AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE
UMBILICAL CORD ATTACHED WITH IT
FIG: BASAL PLATE & CHORIONOIC PLATE
CIRCULATION OF THE PLACENTA:
• Cotyledons receive their blood through 120-
200 spiral arteries.
• Collectively the Intervillous spaces of a
mature placenta contain approx 150 ml of
blood which is replaced about 3-4 times / min.
• The intravillous bloodflow at term is
estimated to be 500-600 mL per min.
FUNCTIONS:
- PROVIDES THE FETUS WITH OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS.
- PLACENTA IS AN ENDOCRINE GLAND. IT PRODUCES
BOTH STEROID & PEPTIDE HORMONES.
- REMOVES HARMFUL WASTE AND CARBON DIOXIDE
FROM THE FETUS.
- PRODUCES HORMONES THAT AID FETAL
DEVELOPMENT.
FUNCTIONS:
- PASSES IMMUNITY FROM THE MOTHER
TO THE FETUS.
- HAVING BARRIER FUNCTIONS
- HELPS PROTECT THE FETUS FROM
POTENTIAL TOXINS, INCLUDING FOOD
ADDITIVES, DRUGS, AND POLLUTANTS.
ABNORMALITIES OF THE
PLACENTA:
BATTLEDORE PLACENTA:
BATTLEDORE PLACENTA (MARGINAL CORD
INSERTION) IS WHERE THE UMBILICAL CORD IS
INSERTED AT OR NEAR THE PLACENTAL MARGIN
RATHER THAN IN THE CENTER. THE CORD CAN BE
INSERTED AS CLOSE TO 2 CM FROM THE EDGE OF
THE PLACENTA (VELAMENTOUS CORD INSERTION.
COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BATTLEDORE
PLACENTA ARE PRETERM LABOR, FETAL DISTRESS,
AND INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION.
PLACENTA SUCCENTURIATA:
THE SUCCENTURIATE PLACENTA IS A CONDITION IN WHICH 1 OR MORE
ACCESSORY LOBES DEVELOP IN THE MEMBRANES APART FROM THE MAIN
PLACENTAL BODY, TO WHICH VESSELS OF FETAL ORIGIN USUALLY CONNECT
THEM. IT IS A SMALLER VARIANT OF A BILOBED PLACENTA
BILOBED PLACENTA:
A BILOBED PLACENTA (PLACENTA BILOBATE,
BIPARTITE PLACENTA, PLACENTA DUPLEX) IS
A PLACENTA WITH 2 ROUGHLY EQUAL-SIZED
LOBES SEPARATED BY A MEMBRANE.
CIRCUMVALLATE PLACENTA:
THE FETAL SURFACE IS DIVIDED INTO A
CENTRAL DEPRESSED ZONE SURROUNDED BY A
THICKENED WHITE RING WHICH IS USUALLY
COMPLETE. THE RING IS SITUATED AT VARYING
DISTANCES FROM THE MARGIN OF THE
PLACENTA. THE RING IS COMPOSED OF A
DOUBLE FOLD OF AMNION AND CHORION WITH
DEGENERATED. THE PLACENTA IS LIKE THA DUE
TO SMALLER CHORIONIC PLATE THAN BASAL
PLATE.
PLACENTA MEMBRANACEA:
PLACENTA MEMBRANACEA IS A RARE PLACENTAL ABNORMALITY WHERE CHORIONIC VILLI COVER
FETAL MEMBRANES EITHER COMPLETELY (DIFFUSE PLACENTA MEMBRANACEA) OR PARTIALLY
(PARTIAL PLACENTA MEMBRANACEA), AND THE PLACENTA DEVELOPS AS A THIN STRUCTURE
OCCUPYING THE ENTIRE PERIPHERY OF THE CHORION.
ABNORMALITIES OF THE CORD:
CONSISTS OF 2 ARTERIES & 1 VEIN
- SHORT CORD:
< 20 CM
- LONG CORD:
> 100 CM
-TRUE KNOT
-FLASE KNOT (WHARTSON’S JELLY)
THANK YOU
