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Debre Berhan University

Asrat Woldeyes Health Science Campus
school of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of pediatric and child health nursing
Post graduate programme

course: Qualitative research

Course code :GNurs5024

Id. No= DBU1700152

presenter- Manyazewal Dessie

Moderator- Dr. Meseret E. (MPH, PhD)

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
Debre Berhan, March, 2025
 Outline
2

Introduction

objective

Ground theory

Narrative analysis

Textual analysis

List the advantage and limitations

References
Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Objectives
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After completing this lesson you will be able to:

 Define ground theory

 List stages of ground theory

 Explain narrative analysis

 Describe textual analysis

 List Advantage and limitation of each analysis

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Introduction
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Qualitative research methods are well

suited for investigating the meanings,
Interpretations, social and cultural
norms and perceptions (Jordens & Little
2004; Sayre 2000).

Qualitative methods permit the evaluator to

study selected issues in depth and detail.
Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Data analysis techniques
5

Qualitative data analysis: refers to the systematic process

of examining and interpreting non numerical data to gain

meaningful insights and generate new knowledge

It involves dissecting text, images, videos, and other forms of

qualitative data to identify patterns, themes, and relationships

It provides a rich and detailed understanding.

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025

 Key principles of qualitative analysis
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Inductive reasoning

Contextual

Subjectivity and reflexivity

Active engagement

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025

 1. Grounded Theory analysis #1/4

GT was first introduced in 1967 by Strauss and Glaser

Ground theory is an inductive, iterative, and

comparative method geared toward theory
construction

Grounded theory (GT) is a research approach to

gaining facts about an unfamiliar specific social
phenomenon or a new understanding of a particular
phenomena Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Grounded Theory analysis #2/4
8

Researchers using grounded theory analyze

interviews, observations, and textual data to
generate concepts and categories.

Inductive: begin by studying individual cases

and eventually develop abstract concepts

Iterative: move back and forth between data

collection and conceptualization
Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Grounded Theory analysis #3/4
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Its most salient feature is generating a theory

collecting various data from research subjects

and

analyzing the relationship between the central

phenomenon and each category through an
elaborate analysis process.

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025

 Grounded Theory analysis #4/4
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Researchers using GT should collect data based

on theoretical sampling and theoretical
saturation.

Theoretical sampling refers to selecting

additional data using the theoretical concepts
encountered in collecting and analyzing data

Theoretical saturation occurs when no new

categories are expected to appear
Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Criteria for grounded theory analysis
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Credibility-Has your research achieved intimate

familiarity with the setting or topic?

Originality-Are your categories fresh?

Resonance -Does your grounded theory make

sense to your participants

Usefulness -Does your analysis offer

interpretations that people can use in their
everyday worlds
Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Key components #1/3
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1. A spiral of cycles of data collection, coding,

analysis, writing, design and theoretical
categorization.

2. The constant comparative analysis of cases with

each other and to theoretical categories
throughout each cycle.

3. A theoretical sampling process based upon

categories developedQualitative
from ongoing data analysis.
Research 04/11/2025
 Key components #2/3
13

4. The size of sample is determined by the

'theoretical saturation' of categories

5. The resulting theory is developed

inductively from data rather than tested
by data, although the developing theory is
continuously refined and checked by data.

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025

 Key components #3/3
14

6. Codes 'emerge' from data and are not

imposed a priori upon it.

7. The substantive and/or formal theory

outlined in the final report takes into
account all the variations in the data and
conditions associated with these
variations. Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Application of GT in health care
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Understanding patients experience in

hospital

Explores health care workers perception of

quality improvement programs

Studying barriers to implementing new

medical protocol

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025

 Stages of grounded theory analysis
#1/2
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Strauss and Corbin divided into 3 stages.

Stage 1 open coding: the concepts are derived

from the data through a line-by-line data
analysis, and the initial categorization occurs.

Stage 2 axial coding: the interrelationships

among the categories derived from open coding
are schematized in line with the structural
framework defined asQualitative
a paradigm.Research 04/11/2025
 stages #2/2
17

Stage 3 selective coding: the core

category is first derived, the relationships
between subcategories and concepts are
identified, and the narrative outline is
described

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025

 Advantages of GT analysis
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Theory development from data

Flexibility

Rich and deep understanding

Applicability in various fields

Encourages openness (it allows new and

unexpected pattern to emerge)

Systematic approachQualitative Research 04/11/2025

 Limitation
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Time consuming and labor intensive

Requires high researcher skill

Potential for researcher bias

Difficult to generalize

Data over load

Ambiguity in theoretical saturation

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 2. Narrative analysis #1/6
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Narrative:

 a tale or story; or

 a form of talk or writing that aims to tell a story and

may be structured according to classical ideas of plot.

Story: the description of an event or series of events in

a manner that conveys meaning as well as factual

information.
Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Narrative #2/6
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Narrative analysis, also referred to

as narrative inquiry, is based on the premise that

people experience and understand their lives in

storied forms,

Connecting events in a manner similar to a story

with a beginning, middle, and end point

representing a person's past, present, and future

(Josselson, 2011; Sarbin, 1986)

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Narrative #3/6
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Individual stories are embedded in other stories including

those of a society, culture, family, or any other story
intersecting with a person's lived experiences.

Narrative analysis is particularly suitable for the study

of interrelated factors and their impact on
psychological phenomena

E.g. the impact of childhood adversity and chronic stress

on depression.

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025

 Narrative #4/6
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Narrative analysis distinguishes itself from other

qualitative methods by its focus on narrated
experiences representing either a whole life story or
aspects of it

The analysis of how people think and talk about

their experiences provides the researcher with rich
and detailed information about how individuals
understand their lives ( Josselson, 2011).
Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Elements of narrative interview#5/6
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The narrative interview is begun using a

"generative narrative question“

Stage of narrative probing in which narrative

fragments that were not exhaustively detailed

before are completed.

The "balancing phase “ in which the interviewee

may also be asked questions that aim at theoretical

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
accounts
 Steps of narrative
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analysis #6/6
1. Portray objective

2. Choose relevant data source

3. Generate initial codes

4. develop a codebook

5. Apply open coding

6. Apply axial coding

7. Compare data

8. Interpret and report

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Example of Narrative analysis
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I want to ask you to tell me how the story of your life

occurred.

The best way to do this would be for you to start from your

birth, with the little child that you once were, and then tell

all the things that happened one after the other until

today.

You can take your time in doing this, and also give details,

because for me everything is of interest that is important

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
for you.
 Advantages of narrative analysis
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Rich, in-depth insights

Preserve context and meaning

Explore subjective experience

Flexible and adaptive

Capture temporal changes

Identifies patterns and themes

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Limitations
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Subjectivity and bias

Time consuming

Difficult in generalization

Complex and interpretive :the results can be

open to multiple interpretations, making
validation challenging.

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025

 3. Textual analysis #1/4
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Textual Analysis is a research method that

involves closely and critically examining
written, spoken, or visual messages.

It refers to the process of deconstructing text

and its underlying themes, messages, and
symbols - to understand the intentions,
motivations, and perspectives of its creators.
Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Textual analysis #2/4
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The important considerations in textual

analysis include:-
 Selecting the types of texts to be studied
 Acquiring appropriate texts, and
 Determining which particular approach to
employ in analyzing them
Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Textual analysis #3/4
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There are two general categories of texts:

1. Transcripts of communication (verbatim

recordings)

2. Outputs of communication (messages

produced by communicators)

Qualitative Research 04/11/2025

 Steps of text analysis #4/4
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1. Data collection

2. Familiarization with the text

3. Coding and categorization

4. Theme identification

5. Interpretation and analysis

6. Conclusion
Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 Acknowledgement
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 I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Debre

Berhan University Asrat Woldeyes health science campus
for providing this invaluable opportunity of free learning.
 Furthermore; I extend my heartfelt thanks to Dr.
Meseret E. (MPH, PhD) for assigning this seminar
presentation. Her insightful guidance and dedicated
instruction have been instrumental in deepening my
understanding of the subject matter and enhancing my
research skills. Qualitative Research 04/11/2025
 References
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1. Thornberg, R., & Charmaz, K. (2012). Grounded theory. John Wiley

& Sons, Inc.

2. Cissé, A., & Rasmussen, A. (2022). Qualitative methods.

Comprehensive Clinical Psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 91-103).

Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818697-8.00216-8

3. Taylor B, Francis K, Hegney D. Qualitative research in the health

sciences. New York:: Routledge; 2013.

4. Arya, A. (2020). An overview of textual analysis as a research

method for cultural studies. Veer Narmad South Gujarat

University. Qualitative Research 04/11/2025

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Thank
you!!!
Qualitative Research 04/11/2025