ET 8304 microprocessor and interfacing

MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AN TECHNOLOGY

OCTOBER 2022

LECT 2
INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND BASIC
OPERATION OF MICROPROCESSOR

Address bus
ALU Register
Section
Data bus

Control and timing

section Control bus

Block diagram of a microprocessor

2
ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
• The component that performs the arithmetic and
logical operations

• the most important components in a

microprocessor, and is typically the part of the
processor that is designed first.

• able to perform the basic logical operations (AND,

OR), including the addition operation.

3
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF ALU

2 bits of ALU 4 bits of ALU

4
 CONTROL UNIT
• The circuitry that controls the flow of information through the
processor, and coordinates the activities of the other units within it.

• In a way, it is the "brain within the brain", as it controls what happens

inside the processor, which in turn controls the rest of the PC.

• On a regular processor, the control unit performs the tasks of

fetching, decoding, managing execution and then storing results.

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REGISTER SETS
• The register section/array consists completely of
circuitry used to temporarily store data or program
codes until they are sent to the ALU or to the
control section or to memory.

• The number of registers are different for any

particular CPU and the more register a CPU have
will result in easier programming tasks.

• Registers are normally measured by the number of

bits they can hold, for example, an "8-bit register"
or a "32-bit register".
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REGISTER IN MOTOROLA
68000 MICROPROCESSOR
31 16 15 8 7 0
D0
D1
D2
D3 DATA REGISTERS
D4
D5
D6
D7
31 16 15 8 7 0
A0
A1
A2
A3 ADDRESS REGISTERS
A4
A5
A6
A7

USER STACK POINTER

A7 STACK POINTER
SUPERVISOR STACK POINTER

PC PROGRAM CONTER
15 8 7 0
SYSTEM BYTE USER VYTE SR STATUS REGISTER 7
ACCUMULATOR
• a register in which intermediate arithmetic and logic results are
stored.
• example for accumulator use is summing a list of numbers.
• The accumulator is initially set to zero, then each number in turn is added to
the value in the accumulator.
• Only when all numbers have been added is the result held in the accumulator
written to main memory or to another, non-accumulator, CPU register.

8
CONDITION CODE REGISTER (CCR)
= FLAGS
• an 8 bit register used to store the status of CPU, such as carry, zero,
overflow and half carry.

9
PROGRAM COUNTER (PC)
• a 16 bit register, used to store the next address of the operation code
to be fetched by the CPU.
• Not much use in programming, but as an indicator to user only.
• Purpose of PC in a Microprocessor
• to store address of tos (top of stack)
• to store address of next instruction to be executed.
• count the number of instructions.

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STACK POINTER (SP)
• The stack is configured as a data structure that grows downward from
high memory to low memory.
• At any given time, the SP holds the 16-bit address of the next free
location in the stack.
• The stack acts like any other stack when there is a subroutine call or
on an interrupt. ie. pushing the return address on a jump, and
retrieving it after the operation is complete to come back to its
original location.

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DATA BUS
• The data bus is 'bi-directional'
• data or instruction codes from memory or
input/output. are transferred into the microprocessor
• the result of an operation or computation is sent out
from the microprocessor to the memory or
input/output.
• Depending on the particular microprocessor, the
data bus can handle 8 bit or 16 bit data.

12
ADDRESS BUS
• The address bus is 'unidirectional', over which the microprocessor
sends an address code to the memory or input/output.
• The size (width) of the address bus is specified by the number of bits
it can handle.
• The more bits there are in the address bus, the more memory
locations a microprocessor can access.
• A 16 bit address bus is capable of addressing 65,536 (64K) addresses.

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CONTROL BUS
• The control bus is used by the microprocessor to send out or receive
timing and control signals in order to coordinate and regulate its
operation and to communicate with other devices, i.e. memory or
input/output.

14
MICRO PROCESSOR CLOCK
• Also called clock rate, the speed at which a microprocessor
executes instructions. Every computer contains an internal
clock that regulates the rate at which instructions are
executed and synchronizes all the various computer
components.

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EXAMPLES OF MICRO PROCESSOR
• Intel 8086
• Motorola 6800
• Zilog Z80

16
 8085 Microprocessor
• Introduction
• Overview of 8085 microprocessor
 8085 Architecture
 Pin Diagram
 Functional Block Diagram
Introduction
• The technological revolution brought the invention of micro-
programmable computer on microprocessor chip
First four bit microprocessor chip
INTEL-4004 was developed by Intel Corporation of America in 1971.

Intel introduced in 1972 an 8-bit microprocessor 8008 and in 1973 another 8-

bit microprocessor 8080. The microprocessor 8080 was the most popular
microprocessor of the early 70s. In the year 1974, Intel developed a 40 pin
microprocessor chip 8085, which was the enhanced version of 8080.

Intel 8080 microprocessor was not in fact a complete CPU on a chip

because the clock and controller were on separate chip. Further, it utilizes two
separate power supplies. The 8085 microprocessor has the advantages over
8080 that it has on-chip clock and control circuit. It needs only one power
supply of +5 volts.
ARCHITECTURE OF 8085
MICROPROCESSOR
• Intel 8085, an 8-bit microprocessor is available in the form of 40 Pin
dual in line IC package. It is fabricated on a single LSI chip. It operates
on +5 V d.c. supply.
• The clock speed used in this microprocessor is about 3 MHZ.
• General Purpose 8-bit microprocessor is capable of addressing up
to 64 K bytes (i.e. 2^16= 655362 bytes) of memory.
main functional components of
8085A microprocessor
I. Register Section
II. Arithmetic and Logic Unit
III. Timing and Control Section
IV. Interrupt Control
V. Serial Input / Output Control
Pin Diagram 8085 microprocessor
8085 Architecture