MBA 508: Management
Information System
Lecture 5
MBA 508: Management
Information System
Database Management System Concepts
OBJECTIVES
Why do businesses have trouble finding the
information they need in their information
systems?
How does a database management system
help businesses improve the organization of
their information?
OBJECTIVES
How do the principal types of database
models affect the way businesses can access
and use information?
What are the managerial and organizational
requirements of a data-base environment?
Whatnew tools and technologies can make
databases more accessible and useful?
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
Organizational obstacles to a database
environment
Integrating data and ensuring quality
File Organization Terms and Concepts
Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)
Byte: Group of bits that represents a single
character
Field: Group of words or a complete number
File Organization Terms and Concepts
Record: Group of related fields
File: Group of records of same type
Database: Group of related files
Data Hierarchy in a Computer System
File Organization Terms and Concepts
Entity: Person, place, thing, event about
which information is maintained
Attribute: Description of a particular entity
Key field: Identifier field used to retrieve,
update, sort a record
Entitities and Attributes
Problems with the Traditional File Environment
Data redundancy
Program-Data dependence
Lack of flexibility
Poor security
Lack of data-sharing and availability
Traditional File Processing
Database Management System (DBMS)
• Creates and maintains databases
• Eliminates requirement for data definition
statements
• Acts as interface between application
programs and physical data files
• Separates logical and physical views of
data
The Contemporary Database Environment
Components of DBMS
• Data definition language: Specifies
content and structure of database and
defines each data element
• Data manipulation language:
Manipulates data in a database
• Data dictionary: Stores definitions of
data elements, and data characteristics
Database management Systems
Logical View
Physical View
A DBMS has three Components:
1. A data definition language
2. A data manipulation language
eg: SQL
3. A data dictionary
Database
System Requests
System Development Administrator
Process
Applications
User DBMS
Transactions
Programs Data
Definition Host
U Language Operating
S Transactions User System
Data
E Programs Manipulation
R Language
S Transactions User
Programs Physical
Database
User Queries
Sample Data Dictionary Report
Types of Databases
• Relational DBMS
• Hierarchical and Network DBMS
• Object-Oriented Databases
Relational DBMS
• Represents data as two-dimensional tables
called relations
• Relates data across tables based on common
data element
• Examples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server
Relational Data Model
Three Basic Operations in a Relational Database
• Select: Creates subset of rows that meet
specific criteria
• Join: Combines relational tables to provide
users with information
• Project: Enables users to create new tables
containing only relevant information
Three Basic Operations in a Relational Database
Hierarchical and Network DBMS
Hierarchical DBMS
• Organizes data in a tree-like structure
• Supports one-to-many parent-child
relationships
• Prevalent in large legacy systems
Hierarchical DBMS
Hierarchical and Network DBMS
Network DBMS
• Depicts data logically as many-to-many
relationships
Network DBMS
Hierarchical and Network DBMS
Disadvantages
Outdated
Less flexible compared to RDBMS
Lacksupport for ad-hoc and English
language-like queries
Object-Oriented Databases
Object-orientedDBMS: Stores data and
procedures as objects that can be retrieved
and shared automatically
Object-relational DBMS: Provides capabilities
of both object-oriented and relational DBMS
Querying Databases: Elements of SQL
Basic SQL Commands
SELECT: Specifies columns
FROM: Identifies tables or views
WHERE: Specifies conditions
Results of SELECT Statement
C
Results of Conditional Selection
137 Door latch 22.50
150 Door seal 6.00
Projection from Joining PART and SUPPLIER Tables
Designing Databases
Conceptual design: Abstract model of database
from a business perspective
Physical design: Detailed description of business
information needs
Designing Databases
Entity-relationship
diagram: Methodology for
documenting databases illustrating relationships
between database entities
Normalization: Process of creating small stable
data structures from complex groups of data
Entity
In general, an entity (pronounced N-tih-tee ) is an existing or
real thing. The word root is from the Latin, ens , or being, and
makes a distinction between a thing's existence and its
qualities. An entity exists and that's all it needs to do to be an
entity.
In relation to a database , an entity is a single person, place, or
thing about which data can be stored.
In data modeling (a first step in the creation of a database), an
entity is some unit of data that can be classified and have
stated relationships to other entities.
Attribute
In general, an attribute is a property or characteristic.
Color, for example, is an attribute of your hair. In
using or programming computers, an attribute is a
changeable property or characteristic of some
component of a program that can be set to different
values.
In a database management system (DBMS), an
attribute may describe a component of the database,
such as a table or a field, or may be used itself as
another term for a field.
Entity Relationship Diagram
Student ID Course ID
Name
Course Name
Address
Student M:N Course Duration
DOB Location
Telephone Credit Hr
Designing Databases
Six Phases in Designing Relational
Databases
1. Identify entities
• identify the primary entities of the organization
• construct a data model of their relationships
2. Construct a data model showing entity
associations
• determine the associations between entities
• model associations into an ER diagram
Six Phases in Designing Relational
Databases
3. Add primary keys and attributes to the model
• assign primary keys to all entities in the model to
uniquely identify records
• every attribute should appear in one or more user
views
4. Normalize the data model and add foreign
keys
• remove repeating groups, partial and transitive
dependencies
• assign foreign keys to be able to link tables
Six Phases in Designing Relational
Databases
5. Construct the physical database
• create physical tables
• populate tables with data
6. Prepare the user views
• normalized tables should support all required
views of system users
• user views restrict users from have access to
unauthorized data
Normalization Steps
CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
An Normalized Relation of ORDER
Relationship
Distributing Databases
Centralized database
Used by single central processor or multiple
processors in client/server network
Distributing Databases
Distributed database
Stored in more than one physical location
Partitioned database
Duplicated database
Distributed Databases
Management Requirements for Database Systems
Key elements in a database environment:
Data Administration
Data Planning and Modeling Methodology
Database Technology and Management
Users
Management Requirements for Database Systems
Data administration
Chief information Officer (CIO) responsibilities:
– Develop information policy
Sharing
Distribution
Acquiring
Standardizing
Classifying
Inventorying
– Planning for data
– Supervising logical database design
– Data dictionary development
– Monitoring IS specialist and user groups use data.
Multidimensional Data Analysis
On-line analytical processing (OLAP)
Multidimensional data analysis
Supportsmanipulation and analysis of large
volumes of data from multiple
dimensions/perspectives
Multidimensional Data Model
Data Warehousing and Datamining
Data warehouse
Supports reporting and query tools
Stores current and historical data
Consolidates data for management analysis
and decision making
Components of a Data Warehouse
Data Warehousing and Datamining
Data mart
Subset of data warehouse
Contains summarized or highly focused
portion of data for a specified function or
group of users
Data Warehousing and Datamining
Data mining
Tools for analyzing large pools of data
Findhidden patterns and infer rules to predict
trends
Benefits of Data Warehouses
Improved and easy accessibility to
information
Ability to model and remodel the data
Databases and the Web
Hypermedia database
• Organizes data as network of nodes
• Links nodes in pattern specified by user
• Supports text, graphic, sound, video and
executable programs
A Hypermedia Database
Databases and the Web
Database server
Computer in a client/server environment runs
a DBMS to process SQL statements and
perform database management tasks
Application server
Software handling all application operations
Linking internal Database to the Web
Web Server
HTML
Internet Database
Server Data
Application
Server Base
Custom
Programs
Linked internal databases to the web. Users can access an
organizations internal database through the web using their desktop
PCs and web browser software.
MBA 508: Management Information
System
Many Thanks for
Attending
&
Not Sleeping!
(The End)
