Reversible

Silicone hydrocolloids

Irreversible hydrocolloids

DENTAL IMPRESSION
MATERIALS AND
TECHNIQUES

1
“Idealimpression must be in the
mind of the dentist before it is in
his hand. He must literally make
the impression rather than take
it”
- M.M. De Van

2
CONTENTS:-
 INTRODUCTION
 DEFINITION
 HISTORY
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF IMPRESSION MATERIALS
 IMPRESSION MATERIALS: PURPOSE AND
REQUIREMENTS
 RIGID IMPRESSION MATERIALS
 IMPRESSION COMPOUND
 ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL IMPRESSION PASTE
 HYDROCOLLOIDS
 AGAR (REVERSIBLE) HYDROCOLLOID
 ALGINATE (IRREVERSIBLE) HYDROCOLLOID
3
 ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS
 POLYSULFIDE
 CONDENSATION SILICONE
 ADDITION SILICONE
 POLYETHER
 IMPRESSION TRAYS
 IMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
 CLASSIFICATION OF IMPRESSIONS
 MUCOSTATIC IMPRESSION
 MUCOCOMPRESSIVE IMPRESSION
 SELECTIVE PRESSURE TECHNIQUE
 OPEN- MOUTH IMPRESSION
 CLOSED- MOUTH IMPRESSION

4
 IMPRESSION MAKING USING A STOCK TRAY
 DOUBLE MIX PUTTY – WASH TECHNIQUE
 SINGLE MIX PUTTY WASH TECHNIQUE
 IMPRESSION MAKING USING A CUSTOM TRAY
 SINGLE MIX TECHNIQUE
 COPPER BAND IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE
 IMPRESSIONS FOR PIN –RETAINED
RESTORATION
 OTHER METHODS OF IMPRESSION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE

5
 INTRODUCTION:-
 The impression is the foundation and blueprint
to restorative success for indirect restorations.
 The art of impression taking requires recording
the exact dimensions of the preparation, the
position of the soft tissue, the architecture of
the margins of the preparation, and the
relationship of the prepared teeth to the
surrounding dentition.

6
IMPRESSION :-
Definition. : - “A negative likeness or copy in reverse of the
surface of an object; an imprint of the teeth and adjacent
structures for use in dentistry.” - GPT

According to Boucher:
“An impression is a record of negative form of tissues of
oral cavity that make up the basal seat of the denture.”

According to Winkler:
“An impression is defined as an imprint or negative likeness
of teeth or edentulous areas where teeth have been
removed, or of both, made in a plastic material that
becomes relatively hard or set while in contact with these
tissues.” 7
CLASSIFICATION OF IMPRESSION MATERIALS .

I) BASED ON MODE OF SETTING & ELASTICITY

ii) Irreversible
i) Reversible (thermoset)- set by
a) Inelastic/ Rigid (thermoplastic) –set by chemical reaction
temperature change E.g. ZOE
E.g. impression impression paste
compound, waxes Impression
plaster

a) Reversible E.g. Agar

i) Hydrocolloid
b) Irreversible E.g. Alginate
b) Elastic

E.g. Polysulfide
ii) Elastomeric
Polyether
impression
Addition silicones
materials
Condensation silicones
8
II) BASED ON TYPE OF IMPRESSION

i) Primary
E.g. Alginate

A) Dentulous
ii) Secondary
E.g. Elastomers
Agar

i) Primary
E.g. Impression compound
Impression plaster
Alginate
B) Edentulous

ii) Secondary
E.g. ZOE impression paste
Elastomers for CD
9
III) BASED ON THEIR USE IN DENTISTRY

For complete E.g. Impression compound

A) Edentulous denture ZOE impression paste
prosthesis Alginate
Elastomers

B) Dentulous i) FPD E.g. Agar

Alginate
ii) RPD Elastomers

IV) BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF PRESSURE APPLIED

i) Mucocompressive ii) Mucostatic

e.g. Impression compound e.g. Impression plaster

10
 Based on manipulation:

MECHANICAL
MIXING

HAND MIXING

KNEADING CIRCULAR MOTION

Impression compound ZOE Impression paste VIGOROUS MIXING
Putty elasstomers Polysulfides Alginate
 Based on tray used for impression:
SPECIAL TRAY

STOCK TRAY Resin

BASED ON Base plate

PERFORATION wax

Perforated Non-perforated
 TYPES OF TRAY

Metal Trays Plastic

PARTS OF A TRAY
IMPRESSION MATERIALS: PURPOSE AND REQUIREMENTS:-

The materials used to produce accurate replicas of intraoral

and extraoral tissues should fulfill the following criteria’s to
obtain an accurate impression.

 They should be fluid enough to adapt to the oral tissues.

 They should be viscous enough to be contained in the tray

that is seated in the mouth.

 While in the mouth, they should transform (set) into a

rubbery or rigid solid in a reasonable amount of
time .ideally the total setting time should be less than 7
minutes.

 The set impression should not distort or tear when

removed from the mouth. 15
• The impressions made from these materials
should remain dimensionally stable at least until
the cast can be poured.

• The impression should maintain its dimensional

stability after removal of a cast so that a second
or third cast can be made from the same
impression.

• The materials should be biocompatible.

• The materials, associated processing equipment

, and processing time should be cost –
effective.
16
 RIGID IMPRESSION MATERIALS

IMPRESSION COMPOUND
Also Called As – modeling
plastic
ADA Specification NO.3

• It is a rigid, reversible impression material which

sets by physical change.
• On applying heat, it softens and on cooling it
hardens.
• It is mainly used for making impression of
edentulous ridges. 17
CLASSIFICATION
Based on temperature ,impression compound
may be divided into :-

 Low fusing impression compound – softens

at low temperature such as green stick, which is
used for border moulding and impression with
copper bands.

 Medium fusing impression compound –

softens at medium temperature, used for
primary impression for edentulous patients.

 High fusing impression compound – softens

at high temperature, used for making special
tray, which are used for final impression.
18
Supplied as:
1. As Sticks, Cakes, & Cones.
2. Colors – Green, Brown, Red.

Applications:

Type I (impression compound)

 For making primary impressions.

 For individual tooth impression

 For peripheral tracing or border moulding.

Type II (tray compound)

 To check undercuts in inlay preparation .

 To make a special tray.

19
REQUIREMENTS OF AN IDEAL IMPRESSION
COMPOUND:

 Harden at or little above mouth temperature.

 Be plastic at a temperature not injurious or harmful to oral

tissues.

 Not containing irritating or toxic ingredients.

 Harden uniformly when cooled without distortion.

 Have a consistency when softened which will allow it to

reproduce fine details.
20
• Be cohesive but not adhesive.

• Not undergo permanent deformation or fracture

while withdrawing the impression from the
mouth.

• Be dimensionally stable after removal from

mouth & during storage.

• Exhibit a smooth glossy surface after flaming.

• Withstand trimming with sharp knife without

flaking or chipping after hardening.

21
COMPOSITION:-
INGREDIENTS PARTS
Resin 30
Copal resin 30
Carnauba wax 10
Stearic acid 5
Talc 25
Coloring agent (e.g.: rouge)

22
 PROPERTIES:
THERMAL PROPERTIES :-

i) Thermal Conductivity:
Has low thermal conductivity.

SIGNIFICANCE
 During softening of the material , the outside will soften first

& inside last. So to ensure uniform softening the material

should be kept immersed for a long time in water bath.
Kneading of the material ensures further uniform softening.

 The layer adjacent to the oral tissues cools faster than the
inside. Removal of the impression at this stage can cause
serious distortion .Therefore Its important to wait for the
compound to cool thoroughly before removing it from the 23
ii) Coefficient of thermal expansion. (CTE)

 The CTE of compound is comparatively high due to the

presence of resins and waxes. The linear contraction
from mouth temperature to room temperature is 0.3% .

iii) Flow

 High Fusing Compounds – < 2% At 37 ºc & < 70-85 %

At 45ºc
 Low Fusing Compounds - < 3% At 37 ºc & < 80-85% At
45º C

24
iv) Fusion Temperature.
 it’s the temp. at which the impression compound

becomes plastic. Its 43.5ºC

v) Dimensional stability.
 Poor dimensional stability.

 To prevent distortion pour the cast within 1 hr.

vi) Surface Detail Reproduction

 Less because of high viscosity & less flow.

MANIPULATION
Sticks:- Small amount of compound can be softened over
flame.
Cakes :- Softened in warm water in a thermostatically
controlled water bath. Usually in the range of 65 to 75ºC .
25
Precautions:

 Prolonged immersion in a water bath causes the

compound to become brittle and grainy .

 Overheating in water makes the compound sticky &

difficult to handle.

 Avoid incorporating water while kneading.

DISINFECTION:-

 The recommended disinfectant is 2% alkaline

glutaraldehyde solution. 26
ADVANTAGES:
 Reusable
 Does not produce irritation to the patient
 Impression can be remodified & resoftened again till

an accurate impression is obtained.

DISADVANTAGES:
 Difficult to record details accurately.
 Soft tissues are compressed due to pressure applied

while taking the impression.

 Distortion due to poor dimensional stability
 Difficult to remove if there are severe undercuts.
 Can be uncomfortable in patients because of the

rigidity.
27
ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL
IMPRESSION PASTE

 Used for edentulous mouths; is a rigid

or inelastic impression material that
hardens by chemical reaction

CLASSIFICATION:
ADA specification No. 16
 Type I or hard
 Type II or soft

28
Available as :- In paste form in 2 tubes
Base paste (white)
Accelerator/ reactor/catalyst paste
(red)

29
COMPOSITION:

TUBE NO. 1 (Base Paste):

Zinc oxide - 87 %
Fixed vegetable or mineral oil - 13%

TUBE NO. 2 (Accelerator paste):

Oil of cloves or eugenol - 12%
Gum or polymerized rosin - 50%
Filler (silica type) - 20%
Lanolin - 3%
Resinous balsam - 10%
Accelerator solution (CaCl2) and color - 5%

30
Manipulation:
 The mixing of the two pastes is generally
accomplished on an Oil – impervious paper or a glass
mixing slab.

 The proper proportion of the two pastes is generally

obtained by squeezing two strips of pastes of the
same length, onto the mixing slab.

 A flexible stainless steel spatula is typically used for

the mixing procedure.

 Mixing is done for 30-40 sec. until no color streaks in 31

SETTING TIME:
Initial setting time
final setting time
Type I 3-6 min. 10 min.
Type II 3-6 min
PROPERTIES:
15 min.

i) Consistency & Flow

• A paste of thick consistency compresses the

tissues.
• Thin free flowing material copies the tissues
without distorting them.

ii)Dimensional Stability

• A negligible shrinkage (less than 0.1 %) occurs

during hardening. 32
iii) Reproduction Of Details
it registers surface details quite accurately due to
the good flow.

iv) Biologic considerations:

Some patients experience burning sensation in the
mouth due to eugenol & can also cause tissue
irritation. This may be overcome by using a non
eugenol paste.

33
Applications in dentistry:-

• Impression material for edentulous

mouths

• As surgical dressing

• Bite registration paste

34
Advantages:-

 Good dimensional stability

 Good detail reproduction
 Impression surface can be modified by adding in deficient
areas
 Easy to manipulate

Disadvantages:-

 It requires special tray for impression making

 Burning sensation due to eugenol.
 Sticky in nature and adheres to tissues
 Rigid so tends to break off in areas of undercuts.

Disinfection:-
35
2% alkaline glutaraldehyde solution is recommended.
NONEUGENOL PASTES:

 One of the disadvantage of the ZOE pastes is the

possible stinging or burning sensation caused by
the eugenol that leaches out and contacts soft
tissues.

 Some patients find the taste of Eugenol extremely

disagreeable and in patients who wear a surgical
pack for several weeks, a chronic gastric
disturbance may result. This may be overcome by
using a non eugenol paste.

 Zinc oxide can react with various carboxylic acids

and form ZOE – like materials. Orthoethoxybenzoic
Acid, commonly abbreviated as EBA, can be used. 36
SURGICAL PASTES (periodontal
packs) :-
• After gingivectomy (i.e.; the surgical removal
of diseased or redundant gingival tissues) , a
zinc oxide – eugenol paste may be placed over
the wound to aid in the retention of a
medicament and to promote healing.

• These pastes are generally softer and slower in

their setting reaction in comparison with
impression pastes.

37
 BITE REGISTRATION PASTES
 ZOE pastes are used as recording materials in the
construction of complete denture and fixed or
removable dentures.

 The ZOE impression paste offers almost no

resistance to closing of the mandible, thus
allowing a more accurate interocclusal
relationship record to be formed.

 Furthermore, the ZOE interocclusal record is more

stable than one made in wax.

38
ELASTIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS

 Hydrocolloids
 Elastomeric Materials

39
COLLOIDS
 A solid, liquid, or gaseous substance made
up of large molecules or masses of smaller
molecules that remain in suspension in a
surrounding continuous medium of different
matter.

TYPES OF COLLOIDS
Aerosols – liquids or solids in air
Lyosol – gas or liquid or solid in liquid.
gas, liquid or solid in solid

40
 HYDROCOLLOID
 A colloid that contains water as
the dispersion phase

GELATION
TRANSFORMATION

HYDROCOLLOID SOL GEL

The disperse phase
agglomerates to form chain of
fibrils also called as micelles.

Brush heap structure

Of hydrocolloid
41
AGAR (REVERSIBLE) HYDROCOLLOID:

 Agar is a organic hydrophilic colloid

(polysaccharide) extracted from a certain type of
sea weed.

Sources :-

 It is extracted from seaweed (Gelidium, Gracilaria)

 It is a sulfuric ester of a linear polymer of galactose.

ADA specification No. 11

42
 COMPOSITION
Agar 13-17% Gelling agent

Borate 0.2 -0.5 Improves strength (also

% retards setting of

wax Gypsum)

0.5 -1.o filler

Potassium 1-2 % gypsum hardener

sulphate

Alkyl 0.1% Preservative

benzoates 43
Physical change:

L iquefaction 100 C

Solid gel L iquid Sol

43 C Gelation
• The gel converts to the sol
condition when it is heated
to a certain temperature,
known as the liquefaction
temperature (70ºC to
100ºC)
• When cooled from this
temperature range, the sol
transforms into a gel at a
point known as the gelation
44
Manipulation of tray
material:-
 It requires special water bath and
water – cooled trays. (Rim Lock Trays)

 Boiling section or liquefaction section:-

Agar is heated in water at 100 C for 8-
12 mins.

 Storing section:- Then Stored in water

at 65 C. It can be loaded in the tray at
65 C.

 Tempering section:- Before placing in

the mouth it is tempered in water at 45
• Once it is tempered it can be placed in the
mouth with the tray and cool it with water (not
< 13 C) until gelation is complete.

Manipulation of Syringe material

• They are supplied in cartridges. Heat at 100C

in water for 10 mins. Store it at 63 C in water.

• No tempering needed.

• It can be injected directly, as most of the heat

is lost as the agar passes through the nozzle.

46
Advantages

 No unpleasant odor
 Nontoxic,
 Hydrophilic, can be used in presence of moisture
 No custom tray needed
 High accuracy
 Reusable
 Inexpensive.

Disadvantages

 Needs conditioning unit

 Less dimensional stability
 Less tears strength,
 Cannot be electroplated,
 Thermal shock to patient
47

Techniques of making agar
Impressions
Tech 1 : Wet field technique
Tech 2: Laminate technique (AGAR – ALGINATE
METHOD)

48
Tech 1 : Wet field technique

• Wet the tooth surface with warm water.

Syringe materials applied over the
occlusal and incisal portion.

• While the syringe material is still liquid ,

the tray material is seated.

• Hydraulic pressure of the viscous tray

materials forces the fluid syringe
hydrocolloid material down the areas to
be recorded.

49
Tech 2: Laminate technique (AGAR –
ALGINATE METHOD)

• Inject syringe material (agar) around the

prepared tooth. Seat the tray loaded with
alginate & allow it to set.

• The alginate gels by a chemical reaction,

whereas the Cool alginate gelates the agar.

• Since the agar, not the alginate ,is in contact

with the prepared teeth , maximum detail is
reproduced.
50
DISADVANTAGES OF LAMINATE TECHNIQUE

 The bond between the agar and the alginate is not

always sound.

 The viscosity of the alginate material displaces the

agar hydrocolloid during seating.

 The dimensional inaccuracy of the alginate

hydrocolloid limits its use to single units.

 Laminate technique is cost – effective.

51
Disinfection of the impression:

Disinfection of agar is very important to prevent

cross infection since the material can be re-used.
Commonly used ones are Iodophors , bleach, or
glutaraldehyde

52
ALGINATES (IRREVERSIBLE)
HYDRCOLLOID

History

 It comes from word alginic acid a mucous

extract of brown seaweed.

 It is developed as a substitute for agar

impression material when its supply
become scarce in world war II.
53
Composition
Sodium (or) Pot. 15 % Reacts with Calcium

alginate to give calcium

alginate gel.

Calcium sulphate 16% Releases calcium to

react with alginate

Sodium Phosphate 2% Retarder

Diatomaceous earth 60% Filler – strengthens

Zinc oxide 4% gel

Filler

Potassium titanium 3% accelerator 54

 Setting reaction
Reactions occur,

 Between sodium phosphate & calcium sulfate

to provide working time
2 Na3 po4 + 3 CaSo4  Ca3 (PO4)2 + 3 Na2
SO4

 Between remaining calcium sulphate with

sodium alginate to from insoluble calcium
alginate. H2O
Na. alginate + CaSO4 Ca. alginate + Na 2 SO4

55
 Type Mixing Working Setting

time time time

Type I 45 sec 1 min 1 – 2 mins

Fast

setting

Type II 1 min 2 min 3-4 mins

Slow

setting
56
 Manipulation
 Fluff or aerate the powder by inverting the can several times. This ensures uniform distribution of the filler before mixing.

 The top of the can should be taken off carefully to prevent the very fine silica particle from being inhaled.

 Mixing equipment’s include:-

A clean flexible plastic bowl
A clean wide bladed Stiff metal spatula

 The proper W/P ratio as specified by the manufacturer should be used (usually one measure water with two level scoop of powder.)


57
• The water is taken first. The powder is sprinkled
into the water in the rubber mixing bowl .

• A vigorous figure 8 motion is best with the mix

being swiped or stropped against the sides of bowl
with intermittent rotations(180degrees) of the
spatula to press out air bubbles.

• The final mix should be smooth creamy mixture

that does not drip off the spatula when it is raised. 58
Setting time Can be prolonged by using cool water
rather than altering the W/P ratio.

Advantages
Easy to manipulate, pleasant taste, hydrophilic,
inexpensive.

Disadvantages
Less tear strength, less dimensional stability,
limited detail reproduction, variable gypsum
compatibility.

59
Storage :-

• Dimensionally not stable , can swell or shrink

when it gains or losses water resulting in
dimensional change.

• Pour cast immediately as far as possible.

• Excess at the ends of impression should be cut

before pouring of cast.

Disinfection :-

Immersion in sodium hypochlorite or

Iodophors, bleach or glutaraldehyde

60
Applications

 For making preliminary impression

 For orthodontic & study models
 For partial denture with clasp
 But not for inlays, crown & bridge work

61
Modifications in alginate

1. Chemical indicators are present in some products.

violet color- during spatulation

Pink color – ready to load the tray
White color – ready for insertion into mouth

2. Dustless powder – where the powders are coated with

glycol or dihydric alcohol.

 Alginate similar to asbestos can cause fibrogenesis &

carcinogenesis.

62
3. Siliconised alginates: two paste alginates with
silicone polymer. Supplied as both tray and
syringe materials

• The alginate is available in the form of a sol

containing the water but no source calcium
ions. A reactor of plaster of Paris can then be
added to the sol.

63
ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION
MATERIALS

64
POLYSULFIDE ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERI

First elastomeric impression material to be introduced.(1950)

Also known as mercaptan or Thiokol.

Supplied as
 Base paste

 Accelerator paste

Available in 3 viscosities:
 Light bodied

 Medium bodied

 Heavy bodied

 putty

65
Composition:

Base: white color

Polysulfide polymer 80% - reactant
Titanium dioxide or lithopone 5% - filler
Calcium sulfate 15% - to
enhance the reaction

Catalyst: brown or grey color

Lead dioxide 78% - reactant
Sulfur 4% - enhance the reaction
Dibutyl phthalate 17% - plasticizers
Oleic or stearic acid – retarders
66
Manipulation:
 Proper lengths of the two pastes squeezed onto a
mixing pad or glass slab.

 Catalyst paste is first collected on a stainless steel

spatula and distributed over the base; mixture is
spread out over the mixing pad and continued until
a uniform color is obtained without any streaks

67
Working and setting time:

Mean working time:

At 23°c – 6mins
At 37°c – 4mins

Mean setting time:

At 23°c – 16mins
At 37°c – 12mins

68
Properties:
1) Setting Time
Colder Climate Increases Setting Time.
Drop Of Water Accelerates The Reaction.
2) Excellent Detail Reproduction.
3) Dimensional Stability
Curing Shrinkage – Shrinkage Due To Loss Of
Byproduct.
4) Permanent Deformation – 3-5%(Highest Amongst
Elastomers.)
5) High Tear Strength
6) Good Flexibility Of 7%, Allows Elastic Recovery Of
The Material.
7) Hydrophobic- Tissue Should Be Thoroughly Dried
Before Making the Impression.
69
Advantages:

 Proven Accuracy
 High Tear Resistance.
 Inexpensive To Use
 Less Hydrophobic
 Longer Shelf Life.

Disadvantages:

 Long Working Time.

 Must Be Poured With Dental Stone Immediately.
 Potential For Significant Distortion.
 Odor Is Offensive.
 Messy & Stains Clothes.
 Second Pour Is Less Accurate. 70
DISINFECTION OF IMPRESSIONS.

 The recommended procedure is a 10min immersion in 10%

solution of hypochlorite.

71
CONDENSATION SILICONES

 It was the first type of silicone impression

material.
 Also known as conventional silicones.

72
COMPOSITION

Base paste

1. Polydimethyl siloxane (hydroxy terminated)

2. Colloidal silica or micro sized metal oxide filler
High viscosity(putty) – 60-70%
Medium viscosity – 35-75 %
Low viscosity – 5-15%
3. Color pigments

Accelerator paste

1. ortho ethyl silicate – cross linking agent

2. Stannous octoate -catalyst
3. Inert filler.

73
Chemistry:

 Type of reaction – condensation reaction

Setting reaction:
Stannous octoate
Dimethyl siloxane + Orthoethyl silicate Silicone rubber + Ethyl alcohol

74
Properties:
 Setting time – 8-9 min.

 Mixing time – 45 sec.

 Dimensional Stability – High Curing Shrinkage.

 Permanent Deformation Is High– 1-3 %

 Stiffer & Harder Than Polysulfide Material.

 Hydrophobic

 Can Be Electroplated With Silver & Copper. 75

Advantages:

 Adequate working & setting time.

 Pleasant odor & no staining.
 Adequate tear strength
 Better elastic properties on removal.
 Less distortion on removal.

Disadvantages:

 Poor dimensional stability.

 Potential for significant distortion.
 Putty-wash method is technique sensitive.
 Slightly more expensive.
76
 DISINFECTION OF THE IMPRESSION.

 They can be immersed in most of the commercial

antimicrobial solutions for a short period and not
experience any adverse effects.

77
ADDITION SILICONES

Introduced after condensation silicones

Have better properties than condensation silicones.
Also known as poly vinyl siloxane.

78
Addition silicones is available in 4 viscosities :

 Light bodied
 Medium bodied

 Heavy bodied

 Putty

Available as :
 The light body and medium body vinyl poly
siloxanes are supplied in two paste

 The putty is supplied as two jars of high

viscosity base and catalyst materials.
79
Composition:

Base paste
• Poly (methyl hydrogen siloxane)
• Other siloxane prepolymers
• Fillers
putty viscosity – 60-70 %
medium viscosity – 35-75 %
low viscosity – 5-15%

Accelerator paste
• Divinyl polysiloxane
• Platinum salt
• Palladium or hydrogen absorber
• Retarders
• Fillers.
80
Setting reaction:
(Activated by)
Poly vinyl siloxane + Silane siloxane ----Platinum Salt -----> Silicone Rubber

MANIPULATION :

81
 MANIPULATION
• Light body- auto mixing gun
• Contents of two barrels are extruded
through the mixing tip that

• Putty - should not be mixed with

latex gloves
• Setting of the material may be
impaired
• Vinyl gloves is recommended.

82
Advantages of the automatic dispensing
device

 greater uniformity in proportioning and in mixing

 less air is incorporated in to the mix

 mixing time reduced

 The mixed impression material is ejected directly in

to the tray or on to the prepared teeth.
83
Properties:
 Setting time: - 5 to 9 min.
 Mixing time - 45 sec
 Excellent surface detail reproduction.
 Highest dimensional stability
 Lowest curing shrinkage – 0.17 %
 Good tear strength
 Extremely hydrophobic
 Low flexibility
 It can be electroplated with copper & silver.

84
Advantages:

 Short setting time

 Adequate tear strength
 Extremely high accuracy
 Minimal distortion on removal
 Dimensionally stable even after 1 week

Disadvantages:

 Hydrogen gas may cause dimensional change.

 Hydrophobic & hence requires a very dry field.
 Expensive.
85
DISINFECTION:

 Vinyl impressions materials are easily disinfected by

immersing in 10% hypochlorite or 2% glutaraldehyde
solutions.

 Usually a 10--- 15 mins immersion is sufficient

POLYETHER IMPRESION MATERIAL

Introduced in Germany in late 1960’s

87
Composition:

Base Paste:
Polyether polymer
colloidal silica - filler
Glycol ether or phthalate - Plasticizer

Accelerator Paste:
Aromatic sulfonate ester – cross –linking
agent
Colloidal silica - filler
phthalate or glycolether -plasticizers
Setting Reaction:
polyether + sulfonic ester ---- cross linked rubber
88
Available as:
Base and Accelerator in collapsible tubes.
three viscosities:

 Light bodied

 Medium bodied

 Heavy bodied.

89
Manipulation:

 The pseudo plasticity of the

materials allowed one mix to
be used for both syringe and
tray material.

 Both hand mixing or by

automatic mixing device

 Equal lengths of base and

catalyst paste are mixed
vigorously and rapidly since
the working time is short. 90
Properties:

 Setting time: 6 to 8 min.

 Mixing time – 30 sec.
 Dimensional stability is good.
 Decreased flexibility
 Hydrophilic
 Activator paste can produce allergy if handled
frequently.

91
Advantages:

 short working & setting time

 proven accuracy
 adequate tear strength
 hydrophilic
 long shelf life
 less distortion on removal
 good dimensional stability.

Disadvantages:

 stiffness requires blocking of undercuts

 slightly more expensive
 multiple casts can’t be poured due to stiffness of the
material. 92
DISINFECTION :

 Polyether are susceptible to dimensional

change if the immersion time is prolonged for
more than 5 mins, because of their pronounced
hydrophilic nature.

 Spraying is the best method for disinfection.

93
IMPRESSION TECHNIQUES

CLASSIFICATION OF IMPRESSIONS:-

1. Depending on the theories of impression:-

 Mucostatic or passive impression

 Mucocompressive or functional impression

2. Depending on the technique:-

 Open – mouth technique

 Closed – mouth technique

3. Hand manipulation for functional movements

(Dynamic impression): Border moulding
94
4. Depending on the type of tray:-

Stock tray impression

• Double mix
• Single mix
Custom tray impression
• Single mix technique
• Closed bite double arch method or triple
tray technique
• Copper tube impressions
• Post space impressions

95
5. Depending up on the purpose of impression
 Diagnostic impression
 Primary impression
 Secondary impression

6. Depending on the material used:-

 Reversible hydrocolloid impression
 Irreversible hydrocolloid impression
 Modelling plastic impression (impression compound)
 Plaster impression
 Wax impression
 Silicone impression
 Thiokol rubber impression.

96
MUCOSTATIC / PASSIVE IMPRESSION
 Proposed by Richardson

 The Impression is made with the oral mucous

membrane & the jaws in a normal relaxed condition.

 Border moulding is not done.

 The impression is made with an oversized tray.

 Retention is mainly due to interfacial surface tension.

 Impression material – impression plaster

 Denture closely adapted to the denture bearing area

but has poor peripheral seal. So dentures have good
stability but poor retention. 97
MUCOCOMPRESSIVE IMPRESSION

 Given by Carole Jones

 Records oral tissues in a functional & displaced form.

 The Material used are – impression Compound, waxes, and

soft liners.

 The oral soft tissues are resilient and thus tend to return to
their anatomical position once the forces are relieved .

 Dentures don’t get displaced due to tissue rebound at rest.

 During function, the constant pressure exerted onto soft

tissues limit the blood circulation leading to residual ridge
resorption. 98
SELECTIVE PRESSURE TECHNIQUE

 Given by Boucher.

 Impression is made to extend over as much denture

bearing area as possible without interfering with the
limiting structures at function and rest.

 Forces acting on the denture are confined to the stress

bearing areas.

 This is achieved through the design of the special tray in

which the non- stress bearing areas are relieved and stress-
bearing areas are allowed to come in contact with the tray.

 Relief is given by using wax in the special tray, which

should be removed before impression making.
99
OPEN -MOUTH IMPRESSION:-

 This impression technique, which record the

tissues in an undisplaced position.

 Pressure or pressureless impressions can be

made using this technique.

100
CLOSED – MOUTH IMPRESSION:-
• This method records the tissues in the functional
position.

• In this technique, record blocks (trays with

occlusal rims) are used instead of impression
trays.

• Both upper and lower record blocks are lined

with impression material and placed inside the
patient’s mouth at the same time.

• The patient is asked to close his mouth exerting

pressure on the occlusal rims and perform
functional movements such as swallowing,
grinning and pursing of the lips.
101
Impression making using a stock tray
(putty wash impression)

Here a primary impression is made with a stock tray

and a final impression is made using a preliminary
impression as the custom tray.

TECHNIQUE:-

There are two methods ; to make a putty wash

impression
 double mix putty wash technique
 single mix putty wash technique.

102
Double mix putty – wash
technique

 A suitable tray is selected.

 Tray adhesive is applied uniformly into the

tray.

 Putty impression material is mixed and

made into a rope and loaded onto the tray.

 A spacer for light body material, (usually a

sheet of polythene) should be placed over
the loaded putty material.

 The loaded tray along with the spacer is

used to make a full mouth impression. 103
• After making and removing the
impression, the polythene spacer is
carefully peeled away

• The impression is additionally relieved

by scraping the areas, which is recorded
the tooth preparation.

• The light body material is then syringed

over the putty impression and also over
the tooth preparation.

• The final impression will contain the

accurate details recorded by the light
body impression material.
104
Single mix putty wash technique

 In this procedure both the materials (light body and

putty) are used simultaneously.

 The putty material is loaded into the stock tray.

 The light body material is syringed around the tooth

preparation.

 A full mouth impression is made using the loaded

stock tray.
105
Impression making using a custom tray

TECHNIQUE:

• An acrylic special tray is constructed over the cast

with two sheets of tinfoil spacer to provide space
for the impression material

• The technique of making an impression using a

special tray is called ‘single mix technique’

Step 1: Tray adhesive is applied over the acrylic

special tray because the elastomers do not adhere
to acrylic.

Step 2: medium viscosity elastomer is loaded on the

tray. 106
Step 3: the light body elastomer is syringed around
the tooth preparation.

• The tray with the impression material is then

seated over the tooth surface.

• The light body silicone records with details of the

preparation with the medium or heavy viscosity
elastomer.

107
Copper band impression technique
It is a single tooth impression wherein a copper band
is positioned around the prepared tooth and the
impression material is loaded into the band to record
the impression.

Procedure:-
 The green stick compound is heated over an open

flame.

 The softened mass is then placed into the copper

band and filled to one – third of the tube through
the open end of the tube.

 This is then placed onto the tooth preparation. The

tube should not be pushed too deep and only a part 108
• Light bodied material is then syringed over the
prepared tooth.

• The surface of the compound is coated with

adhesive and seated over the syringed material.

• The finer details are recorded in light bodied

elastomer.

• After the impression procedure, all the impressions

should be disinfected in 2 % glutaraldehyde before
preparing the die or cast.
109
Impressions for pin –retained
restoration or post space impression
for endodontically treated teeth.

Procedure:-
 A separating medium should be applied on the

pin – holes or post – space (space for cast

post)

 Next, light bodied secondary impression

material is injected over the pin – hole or post
space.

 A lentilospiral (slow speed clockwise rotation)

is used to move the impression material into 110
• Orthodontic wires or elastomeric bristles
can be used to stabilize the impression
material within the pin hole or post space

• A tray adhesive (methyl cellulose) should

be applied on the stabilizing bristle or wire.

• Before the syringe material gels, the tray

material is loaded with medium or heavy
bodied irreversible hydrocolloid and over
impression is made.

• The syringe and tray materials are allowed

to gel together as a single unit.

111
Other techniques of impression

 The plaster impression

 The composition impression
 Controlled sub-atmospheric pressure

112
The plaster impression
 This is one of techniques where impression plaster is
used and they are mixed with water and placed in the
tray (special tray) with a spacer of 2mm.

 Post daming is achieved with help of the wax in the

posterior palatal seal area.

 After the tray is prepared ,plaster is mixed and it is

loaded in the tray at the time when the plaster is
thickened sufficiently to support its own weight.

 The tray should be wriggled into position on to the

ridge and the muscle trimming procedures carried out.
It is important that there is enough bulk in the areas of
under cut as it would be easy to reorient them .
113
Composition impression

 In this technique the impression is made with

stock tray and compound , and the muscle
trimming procedures are carried out once the
preliminary impression is over .

 space is provided in the impression and on

wash impression is made with plaster, zinc
oxide eugenol.

114
Controlled sub-atmospheric pressure

 The objective of this technique is to reduce the stress on any

given tissue by increasing the load bearing area.

 To realize the idea, the form of tissues must be recorded both

vertically and laterally so that all surfaces can bear an equal
load.

 When a controlled partial vacuum is established, an

impression tray specially built for the patient is maintained in
the mouth without direct mechanical support of any kind.

 The difference between sub - atmospheric pressure within the

tray and atmospheric pressure outside is all that retained the
impression in a static position.

 It denotes the equilibrium of forces which results when a

controlled vacuum is established. 115
• It is a technique using individualized impression
trays to which are attached small rubber hoses.

• Through these hoses a vacuum is created in the

tissue side of the tray.

• The borders are refined using an impression

material .

• A refining impression is accomplished by using a

free flowing plastic material.

116
CONCLUSION
 A good impression is an exact replica of each prepared
tooth and should include adequate amount of the
unprepared surfaces adjacent to the margin.

 Impression technique and material should be selected

on the basis of biologic factor dictated by the anatomy
and the physiology of the mouth dictated by the oral
facial tissues .even though there are innumerable
techniques and procedure for impression making .

 it is the responsibility of the dentist to select the best

possible procedure based on sound knowledge , for
achieving the best possible result for the patient.

117
REFERENCES:

 Anusavice, Phillip’s science of dental materials – tenth

edition
 Craig 12th edition – restorative dental materials
 Essentials of complete denture-Winkler
 Boucher’s Prosthodontics Treatment for Edentulous
Treatment, 9th ed.
 Clinical Dental Prosthetics-Fenn
 Applied Dental Materials, 9th Edition, John F. McCabe
 Textbook of Prosthodontics of Deepak Nallaswamy.
 Basic dental materials by John J. Manappalli

118
 “Good Impressions Last
Forever”

THANK YOU
119