University of Aden

Faculty of Computer &

Information Technology

Computer Programming I
Java Programming Language
 Lecture 2: Basic Elements of Java

Basic Elements of Java

Java Programming Language Slide 2

 Outline
 Java Identifiers
 Keywords ( reserved words)
 Variables
 Named Constants
 Java Data Types
 Arithmetic Operators
 Precedence
 Class String
 String concatenation
 Input stream object
 Class Scanner
 Java Application: Adding Integers
Java Programming Language Slide 3
 Java Identifiers
Identifiers
 Identifiers are the names that identify the elements such as classes,
methods, and variables in a program.
 An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of:
 Letters
 Digits
 The underscore character (_)
 The dollar sign ($)
 Must begin with a letter, underscore, or the dollar sign.
 An identifier cannot be a reserved word.
 An identifier cannot be true, false, or null.

Java Programming Language Slide 4

 Java Identifiers (continued)
Example Java identifiers:

illegal legal
me+u  _myName

49ers  TheCure 
side-swipe  ANSWER_IS_42


employee salary $bling$

Java Programming Language Slide 5
 Keywords
Keywords (Reserved Words):
 An identifier that you cannot use because it already has
a reserved meaning in Java.
abstract default if private this
boolean do implements protected throw
break double import public throws
byte else instanceof return transient
case extends int short try
catch final interface static void
char finally long strictfp volatile
class float native super while
const for new switch
continue goto package synchronized

Java Programming Language Slide 6

 Variables

Variables
 A piece of the computer's memory that is given a name
and type, and can store a value that may be changed in
the program.
 Steps for using a variable:
 Declare it - state its name and type
 Initialize it - store a value into it
 Use it - print it or use it as part of an expression

 The syntax for declaring a variable is:

 datatype variableName;

Java Programming Language Slide 7

 Variables (continued)
 Variable declaration: sets aside memory for storing a value (Variables
must be declared before they can be used).
 Assignment: Stores a value into a variable (The value can be an
expression; the variable stores its result).
 Syntax:
 datatype variableName; (declaration).
 variableName = expression; (assignment).

int x; x 3
x = 3;
double yourGPA;
yourGPA 3.25
yourGPA = 1.0 + 2.25;
Java Programming Language Slide 8
 Variables (continued)
 Using variables: Once given a value, a variable can be used in
expressions:
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println("x is " + x); x is 3
System.out.println(5 * x - 1); 14
You can assign a value more than once:

int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println(x + " here"); 3 here
x = 4 + 7;
System.out.println("now x is " + x); now x is 11
Java Programming Language Slide 9
 Variables (continued)

 A variable can be declared/initialized in one

statement:

double myGPA = 3.95; myGPA 3.95

int x = (11 % 3) + 12; x 14

Java Programming Language Slide 10

 Variables (continued)

 A variable can't be used until it is assigned/initialized

a value.

int x;
System.out.println(x);

ERROR: x has no value

Java Programming Language Slide 11

 Named constants
 A named constant is an identifier that represents a permanent
value.
 Named constant
 Cannot be changed during program execution
 Declared by using the reserved word final
 Initialized when it is declared
 Example
final double CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH = 2.54;
final int NO_OF_STUDENTS = 20;
final char BLANK = ' ';
final double PAY_RATE = 15.75;

Java Programming Language Slide 12

 Java Data Types
 Data types specify the different sizes and values that can
be stored in the variable.
 There are two types of data types in Java:
 Primitive data types: The primitive data types include boolean,
char, byte, short, int, long, float and double.
 Non-primitive data types: The non-primitive data types include
Classes, Interfaces, and Arrays.
 Java is a statically-typed programming language. It means, all
variables must be declared before its use. That is why we need
to declare variable's type and name.

Java Programming Language Slide 13

 Java Data Types (continued)

Java Programming Language Slide 14

 Java Data Types (continued)

double vs float
 The double type values are more accurate than the float
type values. For example:

System.out.println("1.0 / 3.0 is " + 1.0 / 3.0);

1.0 / 3.0 is 0.3333333333333333
16 digits
System.out.println("1.0f / 3.0f is " + 1.0f / 3.0f);
1.0f / 3.0f is 0.3333333
7 digits
Java Programming Language Slide 15
 Arithmetic operators
 Operator: Combines multiple values or expressions.

– + addition 2+2=4
– - subtraction 53 – 18 = 35
– * multiplication 300 * 30 = 9000
– / division 4.8 / 2.0 = 2.4
– % remainder or mod 20 % 3 = 2
6
‫باقي‬
‫القسمة‬
3 ) 20
Java Programming Language Slide 16
 Precedence
 Precedence: Order in which operators are evaluated.
 Generally operators evaluate left-to-right.
1 - 2 - 3 is (1 - 2) - 3 which is -4
 But * / % have a higher level of precedence than + -
1 + 3 * 4 is 13
6 + 8 / 2 * 3
6 + 4 * 3
6 + 12 is 18
Parentheses can force a certain order of evaluation:
(1 + 3) * 4 is 16

Java Programming Language Slide 17

 Increment and Decrement Operators
 Increment operator: increase variable by 1.
 Pre-increment: ++variable
 Post-increment: variable++
 Decrement operator: decrease variable by 1.
 Pre-decrement: --variable
 Post-decrement: variable--
 What is the difference between the following?

x = 5; x = 5; y = 6; x = 5; x = 5; y = 5;
y = ++x; X = x +1; y = x++; y = x;
y = x; X = x +1;

Java Programming Language Slide 18

 The Class String
String
 Sequence of zero or more characters.
 Enclosed in double quotation marks. "hello"
 Null or empty strings have no characters. “” , “ “
 Length is the number of characters in a string.
 The length of the string "Sunny Day" is 9
 May not span multiple lines.
"This is not
a legal String."
 May not contain a " character.

"This is not a "legal" String either."

Java Programming Language Slide 19
 String concatenation
 String concatenation: Using + between a string and another
value to make a longer string.

"hello" + 42 is "hello42"
1 + "abc" + 2 is "1abc2"
"abc" + 1 + 2 is "abc12"
1 + 2 + "abc" is "3abc"
"abc" + 9 * 3 is "abc27"
"1" + 1 is "11"
4 - 1 + "abc" is "3abc"

Java Programming Language Slide 20

 Implicit Import and Explicit Import

java.util.*; // Implicit import

java.util.Scanner; // Explicit Import

Java Programming Language Slide 21

 Input stream object
 System.in is called a standard input stream object and is
designed to input data from the standard input device
(keyboard).
 However, the object System.in extracts data in the form of
bytes from the input stream. Therefore, we first create a
Scanner object, to translates these bytes into a desired form
(like ints) that can be used in a program, as follows:

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

object Stream input object

Java Programming Language Slide 22
 Scanner methods
Method Description
nextInt() reads an int from the user and
returns it
nextDouble() reads a double from the user
next() reads a one-word String from the
user
 EachnextLine()
method waits reads a one-line
until the user presses from the
StringEnter.
 The value typed by user
the user is returned.

System.out.print("How old are you? ");

int age = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("You typed " +
age);
Java Programming Language Slide 23
 Scanner syntax

1. The Scanner class is found in the java.util

package.
import java.util.*;
import java.util.Scanner;

2. Constructing a Scanner object to read console

input:
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

Java Programming Language Slide 24

 Scanner example
import java.util.*;
public class UserInputExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
age 29
System.out.print("How old are you? ");
int age = input.nextInt(); years 36

int years = 65 - age;

System.out.println(years + " years to retirement!");
}
}
• Console (user input underlined):
How old are you?
29
36 years until retirement!

Java Programming Language Slide 25

 Java Application: Adding Integers
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Addition {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create Scanner to read the user input
Scanner input = new Scanner (System.in);
int x, y, sum; // declare three variables of type
integers
// Prompt the user to enter the two integers number
System.out.println("Enter two integers separated by
spaces: ");
x = input.nextInt();
y = input.nextInt();
// the sum of two integers
sum = x + y;
System.out.println("The Sum of the two numbers is: "+sum);
Java Programming Language Slide 26
 Exercise

1. Write a program that prompts the user to

enter five test scores and then print the
average test score.
2. Write a program that does the following:
 Prompt the user to input five decimal numbers
 Prints the five decimal numbers
 Adds the five decimal numbers
 Prints the sum and average of the five decimal
numbers
Java Programming Language Slide 27