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Analog To Digital Converters

Analog to digital converters (ADCs) sample analog signals and convert them to digital data. The main types are dual slope integrating converters, successive approximation converters, flash converters, voltage to frequency converters, and ramp converters. Each type has advantages and disadvantages related to resolution, speed, cost, and applications. For example, successive approximation converters have medium resolution, medium speed, and medium cost, making them suitable for signal processing.

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Pandarinath Parachi
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83 views

Analog To Digital Converters

Analog to digital converters (ADCs) sample analog signals and convert them to digital data. The main types are dual slope integrating converters, successive approximation converters, flash converters, voltage to frequency converters, and ramp converters. Each type has advantages and disadvantages related to resolution, speed, cost, and applications. For example, successive approximation converters have medium resolution, medium speed, and medium cost, making them suitable for signal processing.

Uploaded by

Pandarinath Parachi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog to Digital Converters

Charlie Hagadorn Ben Hopwood Stewart Skiles Jay Upchurch

What is ADC?
The real world is analog, but computers are digital ADC converts analog information to digital information Analog signals contain an infinite amount of data ADC samples the data and splits it into finite information.

Basic ADC Conversion

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time

Amplitude

ADC Constraints
Resolution Speed Cost
As with any engineering system these constraints are dependant on each other. Trade-offs must be made.

Types of A/D Converters


Dual slope integrating converters Successive-approximation converters Flash (Parallel) converters Voltage to frequency converters Ramp converters

What makes a good ADC?


High resolution High speed Low cost
Generally, in order to improve one of these aspects, you must degrade one or more of the others.

Dual Slope Integrating

Advantages
High resolution (10-20 bits) Excellent accuracy (0.01% or better) Excellent noise immunity Low cost Excellent stability (time and temperature)

Disadvantages

Slow (1-10/s)

Uses
Voltmeters Digital panel meters Digital multimeters Etc.

Successive-Approximation

Advantages
Higher speed (10-105/s) Good accuracy (0.1% typ) Reliable conversion technique Medium resolution (8-12 bits)

Disadvantages
Highly susceptible to noise (must prefilter) Higher cost than dual slope integrating converters Accuracy limited by D/A converter

Uses
Signal processing Applications where the input signal is continuously varying at relatively high speed Applications where several inputs entered in rapid succession

Flash (Parallel)

Advantages
Very fast (4-1000ns), useful for high speed applications

Disadvantages
Poor resolution (4-10 bits) High cost ($150 for 6 bits, $3000 for 10 bits) Cost becomes a major factor over 6 bits

Voltage to Frequency

Advantages
Excellent noise reduction

Disadvantages
Slow Generally limited to 10 bits or less

Uses
Digital voltmeters Digital multimeters Applications requiring good noise reduction but not good speed

Ramp Converters

Advantages
Fast Medium resolution (8-12 bits)

Disadvantages
Requires highly accurate ramp source

Comparison
Analog to Digital Converter

Successive-Approximation

Dual Slope Integrating

Voltage to Frequency

Resolution High Speed Poor Cost Low

Medium Medium Medium

Poor Poor Extremely High Medium High Medium

Medium High Medium

Ramp Converters

Flash (Parallel)

A/D Subsystem
VRH VRL

4 Modes of Operation
Single Channel Single Channel 4-Channel 4 Consecutive Conversions Continuous Conversions 1 Conversion Each Continuous Conversions

A/D Conv.

Port E

PE7/AN7

4-Channel
PE0/AN0

Analog Channels

*Each conversion is stored in 1 of 4 registers.

Single Channel, 4 Consecutive Conversions


Set MULT = 0 (for single channel) and SCAN = 0 (for consecutive) Channel Channel Channel Channel

then
ADR1
ADR2

then
ADR3

then
ADR4

Stop

Single Channel, Continuous Conversions


Set MULT = 0 (for single channel) and SCAN = 1 (for continuous)

Channel

Channel

Channel

Channel

then
ADR1 ADR2

then
ADR3

then
ADR4

Overwrite ADRs

Multi-Channel, 1 Conversion Each


Set MULT = 1 (for multi-channel) and SCAN = 0 (for consecutive) CH CH+1 CH+2 CH+3

then
ADR1
ADR2

then
ADR3

then
ADR4

Stop

Multi-Channel, Continuous Conversions


Set MULT = 1 (for multi-channel) and SCAN = 1 (for continuous)

CH

CH+1

CH+2

CH+3

then
ADR1 ADR2

then
ADR3

then
ADR4

Overwrite ADRs

A/D Converter Registers $1030


CCF

A/D Control Register


SCAN MULT CD CC CB CA
Channel Selection Multiple/Single Channel Continuous/Single Conversion Conversion Complete Flag

$1031 - $1034 $1039


ADPU CSEL

4, 8 Bit A/D Result Registers


Option Register
DLY Startup Delay Bit 0 for E Clock 1 for Internal R-C Clock* A/D Powerup

*Use Internal R-C Clock when E Clock Frequency is below 750 kHz

Single Channel Selection


ADCTL Bits 3-0:
CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CC 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 CB 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 CA 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Channel AN0 AN1 AN2 AN3 AN4 AN5 AN6 AN7 Reserv. Reserv. Reserv. Reserv. VRH Pin VRL Pin VRH /2 Reserv.

Multi-Channel Selection
ADCTL Bits 3-2:
CD 0 CC 0 Channel AN0 AN1 AN2 AN3 AN4 AN5 AN6 AN7 Reserv. Reserv. Reserv. Reserv. VRH Pin VRL Pin VRH /2 Reserv. Register ADR1 ADR2 ADR3 ADR4 ADR1 ADR2 ADR3 ADR4 ADR1 ADR2 ADR3 ADR4 ADR1 ADR2 ADR3 ADR4

A/D Wait and Stop Modes During Wait Mode All A/D conversion stops Immediately After Wait Mode Re-sampling begins A/D circuits are stable and conversions are accurate During Stop Mode All A/D conversion stops Immediately After Stop Mode Re-sampling begins A/D circuits are unstable If DLY is of Option Register is set, conversion is stable Otherwise, conversion stabilizes after 100 microseconds

A/D Converter Characteristics Linearity to LSB for VRL = 0V to VRH = VDD Monotonicity Guaranteed (conversion result never decreases with an increasing input voltage) Maximum Difference: VRH VRL = 5V A/D system stabilization delay after power-up or stop is is about 100 microseconds. Sample and hold capability

Example of ADC
Using Successive Approximation

Example Problem
Problem Statement
Successive Approximation ADC 10-bit resolution or 0.0009765625 of Vref Vin=0.6 Volt and Vref = 1 Volt Find digital value of Vin

Example Problem
Solution
Divide Vref by 2 and Compare Vref/2 with Vin

If Vin is greater, turn MSB ON


If Vin is less than Vref/2, turn MSB OFF

Example Problem
Calculate the state of MSB
Compare Vin=0.6 V and V= Vref/2= 0.5V 0.6 > 0.5, thus MSB = 1

Calculate the state of MSB-1


Compare Vin and (Vref/2 + Vref/4)
0.6V and (0.5 + 0.25) = 0.75V

Because 0.6 < 0.75, MSB-1 is turned off MSB-1 = 0

Example Problem
Calculate the state of MSB-2
Go back to last voltage value that cause an ON (0.5V) and add Vref/8 and compare with Vin.
Vin and (.5 + Vref/8)= 0.625 Vin < 0.625

MSB-2 is turned off MSB-2 = O

Example Problem
Calculate the state of MSB-3
Go back to last voltage value that cause an ON (0.5V) and add Vref/16 and compare with Vin.
Vin and (.5 + Vref/16)= 0.5625 Vin > 0.5625

MSB-3 is turned ON MSB-3 = 1

Examples of ADC Applications


Thermocouples Strain Gage Pressure Transducers Digital Music Recording Digital Speedometer

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