Introduction to Surveying

BASICS OF TRAVERSING

Dr Philip Collier
Department of Geomatics
The University of Melbourne
[email protected]
Room D316
Overview
• In this lecture we will cover :
 Rectangular and polar coordinates
 Definition of a traverse
 Applications of traversing
 Equipment and field procedures
 Reduction and adjustment of data
Rectangular coordinates
North

N Point B
(EB,NB)
B

N=NB-NA

NA
Point A E=EB-EA
(EA,NA)

East
EA E
Polar coordinates
North

Point B

d


Point A

 ~ whole-circle bearing
d ~ distance

East
Whole circle bearings
North Bearing are measured
0o clockwise from NORTH
and must lie in the range
0o    360o
4th quadrant 1st quadrant

West East
270o 90o
3rd quadrant 2nd quadrant

South
180o
Coordinate conversions
Rectangular to polar Polar to rectangular
 E 
  tan 1  E dsin
 N
d  E2  N2 N dcos

d N d N
 

E E
What is a traverse?
• A polygon of 2D (or 3D) vectors
• Sides are expressed as either polar
coordinates (,d) or as rectangular coordinate
differences (E,N)
• A traverse must either close on itself
• Or be measured between points with known
rectangular coordinates

A closed
traverse A traverse between
known points
Applications of traversing
• Establishing coordinates for new points

(E,N)known

(E,N)known
( ,

)
, d
d)

(
(,d)
(E,N)new
(E,N)new
Applications of traversing
• These new points can then be used as a
framework for mapping existing
features
(E,N)known
(E,N)new
(E,N)new (E,N)new (E,N)known
(,d

(
)

) (,
(,d

,d
d) (,d d)
,

)
(

(E,N)new
(E,N)new
Applications of traversing
• They can also be used as a basis for
setting out new work

(E,N)known

(E,N)known

(E,N)new
(E,N)new
Equipment
• Traversing requires :
 An instrument to measure angles
(theodolite) or bearings (magnetic compass)
 An instrument to measure distances (EDM
or tape)
Measurement sequence
C o
2
23

168
o
60.63
2
9.9
o
9
B 56

352
205 o

o
o D
2
23
19
77.

6
9.7
12
21 o

A
32
11

.2
8

0
o

o
30

48
3
o

E
Computation sequence
1. Calculate angular misclose
2. Adjust angular misclose
3. Calculate adjusted bearings
4. Reduce distances for slope etc…
5. Compute (E, N) for each traverse line
6. Calculate linear misclose
7. Calculate accuracy
8. Adjust linear misclose
Calculate internal angles
Foresigh Backsig
Internal Adjusted
Point t ht
Angle Angle
Bearing Bearing
A 21o 118o 97o
B 56o 205o 149o
C 168o At oeach point
232 64:o
o
• oMeasure foresight bearing
D 232 352 120o
• Meaure backsight bearing
E 303o • o Calculate
48 internal
105 o
angle (back-
 =(n-
fore)
2)*180 For example, at B :
Misclose • Bearing to C = 56o
• Bearing to A = 205o
Adjustment • Angle at B = 205o - 56o = 149o
Calculate angular misclose
Foresigh Backsig
Internal Adjusted
Point t ht
Angle Angle
Bearing Bearing
A 21o 118o 97o
B 56o 205o 149o
C 168o 232o 64o
D 232o 352o 120o
E 303o 48o 105o
 =(n-
535o
2)*180
Misclose -5o
Adjustment -1o
Calculate adjusted angles
Foresigh Backsig
Internal Adjusted
Point t ht
Angle Angle
Bearing Bearing
A 21o 118o 97o 98o
B 56o 205o 149o 150o
C 168o 232o 64o 65o
D 232o 352o 120o 121o
E 303o 48o 105o 106o
 =(n-
535o 540o
2)*180
Misclose -5o
Adjustment -1o
Compute adjusted
bearings
• Adopt a starting bearing
• Then, working clockwise around the traverse :
 Calculate reverse bearing to backsight (forward bearing
180o)
 Subtract (clockwise) internal adjusted angle
 Gives bearing of foresight

• For example (bearing of line BC)

 Adopt bearing of AB 23o
 Reverse bearing BA (=23o+180o) 203o
 Internal adjusted angle at B 150o
 Forward bearing BC (=203o-150o) 53o
 Compute adjusted
bearings
C
Lin Forward Reverse Internal
o e Bearing Bearing Angle
53
AB 23o 203o 150o
B
o
BC 53o
150 D
203 o

CD

DE

A EA

AB
E
 Compute adjusted
bearings
C
Lin Forward Reverse Internal
o e Bearing Bearing Angle
33 65o
2
168
AB 23o 203o 150o
B o
BC 53o 233o 65o
D
CD 168o
23 o

DE

A EA

AB
E
 Compute adjusted
bearings
C
Lin Forward Reverse Internal
o e Bearing Bearing Angle
53
348
AB 23o 203o 150o
B o
121o BC 53o 233o 65o
D
CD 168o 348o 121o
23 o

o
7 DE 227o
22

A EA

AB
E
 Compute adjusted
bearings
C
Lin Forward Reverse Internal
o e Bearing Bearing Angle
53
168
AB 23o 203o 150o
B o
BC 53o 233o 65o
D
CD 168o 348o 121o
23 o

o DE 227o 47o 106o

47
-59o
A 106o EA
301o
30

AB
1
o

E
 Compute adjusted
bearings
C
Lin Forward Reverse Internal
o e Bearing Bearing Angle
53
168
AB 23o 203o 150o
B o
BC 53o 233o 65o
D
CD 168o 348o 121o
23 o

o
7 DE 227o 47o 106o
22
98o EA 301o 121o 98o
A
12

AB 23o (check)
1
o

E
(E,N) for each line
• The rectangular components for each line
are computed from the polar coordinates
(,d)
E  d sin
N  d cos

• Note that these formulae apply regardless of

the quadrant so long as whole circle
bearings are used
Vector components
Line Bearing Distanc E N
e
AB 23o 77.19 30.16 71.05
BC 53o 99.92 79.80 60.13
CD 168o 60.63 12.61 -59.31
DE 227o 129.76 -94.90 -88.50
EA 301o 32.20 -27.60 16.58
 (399.70) (0.07) (-0.05)
Linear misclose &
accuracy
• Convert the rectangular misclose
components to polar coordinates
E 
 1
  tan   Beware of quadrant when
 N
calculating  using tan-1
2 2
d  E  N

• Accuracy is given by
1 : (traverselength/ linearmisclose
)
Quadrants and tan
function
N
++

 negative  positive
add 360o okay
 +
 + E

 positive  negative
add 180o   add 180o
For the example…
• Misclose (E, N)
 (0.07, -0.05)

• Convert to polar (,d)

  = -54.46o (2nd quadrant) = 125.53o
 d = 0.09 m

• Accuracy
 1:(399.70 / 0.09) = 1:4441
Bowditch adjustment
• The adjustment to the easting component of
any traverse side is given by :
Eadj = Emisc * side length/total perimeter

• The adjustment to the northing component of

any traverse side is given by :
Nadj = Nmisc * side length/total perimeter
The example…
• East misclose 0.07 m
• North misclose –0.05 m
• Side AB 77.19 m
• Side BC 99.92 m
• Side CD 60.63 m
• Side DE 129.76 m
• Side EA 32.20 m
• Total perimeter 399.70 m
Vector components (pre-
adjustment)

Sid
E N dE dN Eadj Nadj
e

1A 30.16 71.05

AB 79.80 60.13

BC 12.61 -59.31

CD -94.90 -88.50

D1 -27.60 16.58

Mis
(0.07) (-0.05)
c
The adjustment
components
Sid
E N dE dN Eadj Nadj
e

1A 30.16 71.05 0.014 -0.010

AB 79.80 60.13 0.016 -0.012

BC 12.61 -59.31 0.011 -0.008

CD -94.90 -88.50 0.023 -0.016

D1 -27.60 16.58 0.006 -0.004

Mis
(0.07) (-0.05) (-0.050)
c (0.070)
Adjusted vector
components
Sid
E N dE dN Eadj Nadj
e

1A 30.16 71.05 0.014 -0.010 30.146 71.060

AB 79.80 60.13 0.016 -0.012 79.784 60.142

BC 12.61 -59.31 0.011 -0.008 12.599 -59.302

CD -94.90 -88.50 0.023 -0.016 -94.923 -88.484

D1 -27.60 16.58 0.006 -0.004 -27.606 16.584

Mis
(0.07) (-0.05) 0.070 -0.050 (0.000)
c (0.000)
Introduction to Surveying

BASICS OF TRAVERSING

Dr Philip Collier
Department of Geomatics
The University of Melbourne
[email protected]
Room D316