Chapter 10

Emotion & Motivation

QFT
Look at this picture
and generate at
least 5 questions
about the picture.

Ask questions
related to emotion
& motivation.
 Learning Objectives Warm-up: Research
By the end of this section, these keywords for 5
you will be able to: min. [Think-Pair-Share]
• Define intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation

Motivation • Understand that

instincts, drive
reduction, self-efficacy,
and social motives have
all been proposed as
theories of motivation
• Explain the basic
concepts associated
with Maslow’s hierarchy
of needs
 Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct
behavior toward a goal. In addition to biological
Definition motives, motivations can be intrinsic (arising from
internal factors) or extrinsic (arising from external
factors).
Examples

For example, Odessa loves baking, so in her free time, she bakes for fun. Oftentimes, after
stocking shelves at her grocery store job, she often whips up pastries in the evenings because she enjoys
baking. When a coworker in the store’s bakery department leaves his job, Odessa applies for his position
and gets transferred to the bakery department. Although she enjoys what she does in her new job, after
a few months, she no longer has much desire to concoct tasty treats in her free time. Baking has become
work in a way that changes her motivation to do it. What Odessa has experienced is called
the overjustification effect—intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given. This
can lead to extinguishing the intrinsic motivation and creating a dependence on extrinsic rewards for
continued performance (Deci et al., 1999).
MCQs
•What is intrinsic motivation?
A) Motivation driven by external rewards
B) Motivation that is derived from internal pleasure
C) Motivation that requires physical activity
D) None of the above

•Extrinsic motivation involves:

A) Personal satisfaction from completing a task
B) Rewards such as money or grades
C) Internal fulfillment
D) None of the above

•Which effect describes a decrease in intrinsic motivation due to the introduction of extrinsic rewards?
A) Justification effect
B) Overjustification effect
C) Undermotivation effect
D) Externalization effect
Case Studies

Case Study 1: Jake loves playing

Case Study 2: Maria is a talented
the guitar and often spends his
painter who used to create artwork
evenings practicing songs. Recently,
out of pure enjoyment. She decided
he signed a contract with a music
to start selling her paintings online,
producer, turning his passion into his
and quickly it turned into a full-time
profession. After a few months, Jake
job. Over time, Maria noticed she
feels less inclined to play guitar
rarely painted unless it was for an
during his free time. Analyze Jake’s
order. Discuss how Maria’s
situation in terms of intrinsic and
motivation for painting has shifted
extrinsic motivation and the
from intrinsic to extrinsic.
overjustification effect.
 Independent Work
Odessa, who initially baked for enjoyment, began to lose her passion for baking at home after she
started working in her grocery store's bakery department. Despite enjoying her job, the shift from a
leisure activity to a professional duty made her less eager to work.

1. Odessa initially baked because of:

1. A) Her need for money
2. B) Her love for baking
3. C) Peer pressure
4. D) Desire for a job promotion
2. After transferring to the bakery department, Odessa’s lack of desire to bake in her free time is an example
of:
1. A) Decreased extrinsic motivation
2. B) Increased intrinsic motivation
3. C) Overjustification effect
4. D) Intrinsic reevaluation
3. Which statement best reflects the impact of the overjustification effect as seen in Odessa's case?
1. A) Her intrinsic motivation increased as her work became more enjoyable.
2. B) Extrinsic rewards like her salary became her only motivation to bake.
3. C) She began baking more at home because she enjoyed her job.
4. D) None of the above
Case Studies
• Liam is an amateur runner who runs because he finds it relaxing and it helps clear his mind. His company sponsored him
to participate in marathons, providing gear and bonuses for his participation. After a year, Liam feels obligated to run
even when he does not want to. Explain how Liam’s motivation to run has been affected by external factors.
Wrap-Up-Agree or Diasgree
Discussion Board-Learn Online

In educational settings, students are more likely to

experience intrinsic motivation to learn when they feel a
sense of belonging and respect in the classroom. This
internalization can be enhanced if the evaluative aspects of
the classroom are de-emphasized and if students feel that
they exercise some control over the learning environment.
Furthermore, providing students with activities that are
challenging, yet doable, along with a rationale for engaging
in various learning activities can enhance intrinsic motivation
for those tasks (Niemiec & Ryan, 2009).
Motivation Theories
Instinct Theory
[William James]

William James (1842–1910) was a

pioneering figure in psychology and is
considered the father of psychology in the
U.S.
James suggested that human behavior
is largely driven by instincts, which he
defined as species-specific, unlearned
behavioral patterns that aid in survival.
- He identified several dozen instincts,
including:
- A mother’s protection of her child
- The urge to consume sugar
- Hunting prey
Instinct Theory [William James]
- Controversy: There was disagreement among
James and other psychologists about what qualifies
as an instinct, leading to varied lists.
- Criticism of Instinct Theory: Over time, the
instinct theory faced criticism, particularly because
of the clear influence of learning on human
behavior. Many behaviors that were once thought
to be instinctual were later shown to arise from
**associative learning**.
- Example: Watson's famous experiment with
"Little Albert" demonstrated how certain
responses (like fear) could be conditioned,
challenging the notion that all behaviors are
instinctual
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5duLMjaTL0U
&pp=ygUYd2F0c29uIGFuZCBsaXR0bGUgYWxiZXJ
0
Drive Theory of Motivation
Drive Theory of Motivation suggests that deviations from homeostasis (the body's state of balance)
create physiological needs.
- These needs lead to psychological drive states, which motivate behavior aimed at restoring homeostasis.
- Example:
- If you haven't eaten in a while, your blood sugar levels will drop.
[Ghrelin (hunger hormone) will be secreted. When satiated, leptin (satiety hormone) will be secreted]
- This triggers a physiological need and a drive state, like hunger, which motivates you to seek food.
- Eating food reduces hunger and restores normal blood sugar levels, bringing the body back to
homeostasis.

- Habits:
- The theory also highlights the importance of habits—regular patterns of behavior.
- If a behavior (e.g., eating when hungry) successfully reduces a drive, we are likely to repeat that behavior
whenever faced with the same drive in the future.
- This creates a link between a drive state and a habitual response, reinforcing specific behaviors.

Reflection: Can you use this reasoning to explain emotional/binge

eating disorder?
Arousal Theory [Extension of Drive Theory]

Think of your arousal level regarding taking an exam for this class. If your level is
very low, such as boredom and apathy, your performance will likely suffer. Similarly,
a very high level, such as extreme anxiety, can be paralyzing and hinder
performance.
Yerkes-Dodson Law

But optimal arousal level is more complex than a simple answer that the middle level is always best.
Researchers Robert Yerkes and John Dodson discovered that the optimal arousal level depends on the
complexity and difficulty of the task to be performed .
This relationship is known as Yerkes-Dodson law, which holds that a simple task is performed best
when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels
Self-Efficacy & Social Motives

SELF-EFFICACY IS AN INDIVIDUAL’S BELIEF SOCIAL MOTIVES DESCRIBE ARE NEEDS FOR

IN HER OWN CAPABILITY TO COMPLETE A ACHIEVEMENT, AFFILIATION, AND INTIMACY.
TASK, WHICH MAY INCLUDE A PREVIOUS
SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF THE EXACT
TASK OR A SIMILAR TASK.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Needs: Basic survival needs
like food, water, and shelter.
Safety Needs: Desire for security, stability,
and protection from harm.
Love and Belongingness Needs: The need
for relationships, friendship, and a sense of
belonging.
Esteem Needs: The desire for respect, self-
esteem, and recognition from others.Self-
Actualization Needs: The pursuit of
personal growth, fulfillment, and reaching
one's full potential.
Exercises-Maslow’s HON-6 Situations
Submit Exercise to Learn Online:
 Hunger & Eating

1 2 3
Learn the Understand Comprehend eating
physiological metabolism and disorders
mechanisms that body weight
regulate hunger and
satiation
 Physiological Mechanisms
- Hunger is triggered by signals from the
stomach, pancreas, and liver when the
stomach is empty or blood glucose
levels drop, prompting feeding behavior.

- Satiation, or the feeling of fullness, is

regulated by increasing blood glucose
levels, gastrointestinal signals, and
hormones like leptin from fat cells,
signaling the body to stop eating.

- The hypothalamus and hindbrain

integrate hunger and satiety signals,
ultimately controlling feeding behavior.
Metabolism & Body
Weight
Our body weight is affected by a number of factors, including
gene-environment interactions, and the number of calories we
consume versus the number of calories we burn in daily
activity.

A person’s metabolic rate is the amount of energy that is

expended in a given period of time, and there is tremendous
individual variability in our metabolic rates.

The set-point theory asserts

that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point,
which is resistant to change. This set-point is
genetically predetermined and efforts to move our weight
significantly from the set-point are resisted by
compensatory changes in energy intake and/or expenditure
Metabolism & Body Weight
There are 3 different body types known as
The set-point theory asserts somatotypes:
-Ectomorphs: Thin and lean; not much body fat
that each individual has an -Mesomorphs: Wedge shaped; accumulates
ideal body weight, or set muscle
point, which is resistant to -Endomorphs: Pear shaped; accumulates fat
change. This set-point is
genetically predetermined
and efforts to move our
weight significantly from the
set-point are resisted by
compensatory changes in
energy intake and/or
expenditure
Eating Disorders
• Bulimia Nervosa: Involves binge eating followed by
purging, excessive exercise, or laxative use, leading to
health issues like kidney and heart failure, tooth decay,
anxiety, depression, and substance abuse.
• Binge Eating Disorder: Characterized by eating binges
not followed by purging, but leading to distress, guilt, and
embarrassment, differentiating it from overeating.
• Anorexia Nervosa: Defined by extreme weight loss
through starvation or excessive exercise, distorted body
image, and severe health risks such as bone loss, heart
failure, amenorrhea, and increased psychological problems.
Individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa often have a
distorted body image, referenced in literature as a type of
body dysmorphia, meaning that they view themselves as
overweight even though they are not.
 Check your Learning

HEAD TO LEARN ONLINE SOLVE ON A WORD DOC. SUBMIT YOUR ANSWERS IN-CLASS WORK [15 MIN]
AND SOLVE THE TO LEARN ONLINE.
‘MOTIVATION AND
HUNGER’ LEARNING
CHECK
 Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be

Emotion able to:

• Explain the major theories of emotion
• Describe the role that limbic structures play in
emotional processing
• Understand the ubiquitous nature of producing
and recognizing emotional expression
 Definitions
An emotion is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our
feelings.

Emotion VS Mood
Emotion: a subjective, affective state
that is relatively intense and that occurs
intentionally in response to something
we experience (conscious; intentional).

Mood: a prolonged, less intense,

affective state that does not occur in
response to something we experience
(unconscious; unintentional)
Thalamus
Biology of
Emotions
The limbic system includes the
hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala,
and the hippocampus.
Hypothalamus plays a role in the
activation of the sympathetic nervous
system that is a part of any given
emotional reaction.
Thalamus serves as a sensory relay
center whose neurons project to both
the amygdala and the higher cortical
regions for further processing.
Amygdala plays a role in processing
emotional information and sending that
information on to cortical structures
Hippocampus integrates emotional
experience with cognition.
FACIAL
EXPRESSION AND
RECOGNITION OF
EMOTIONS

Cultural Display Rule

Facial Feedback
Hypothesis
Body Language
Cultural Display
Rule
• Cultural display rules are culturally
specific standards that dictate how
and when emotions are expressed.
• Different cultures have varying rules,
with some, like Japan, encouraging
emotional suppression in public, while
others, like the U.S., allow for more
emotional expression in social
settings.
Chicken or
Egg Question

Does smiling make you

happy? Or does being
happy make you smile?
Facial
Feedback
Hypothesis
• The facial feedback hypothesis
suggests that facial expressions,
such as smiling, can influence and
enhance emotional experiences.
• Research has shown that
treatments like Botox, which
paralyze facial muscles, may reduce
negative emotions like depression
by limiting certain expressions.
Body Language
Body language involves
the expression of
emotions through physical
movement, posture, and
behavior, offering cues
about emotional states.
People are sensitive to
emotional information
communicated through
body language, even
when they are not
consciously aware of it.
Check your Learning

Head to Learn Online Solve on a word doc. Submit your answers In-class work [15
and solve the to Learn Online. min]
‘Emotion’ Worksheet