SUBJECT
RADAR ENGINEERING
FACULTY:[Link]
Desg.: Assistant Professor
Dept.:ECE
SRGEC,Gudlavlleru
UNIT - I
The Nature Of Radar And Radar Equation
Introduction
The Simple form of Radar Equation
Radar Block diagram and Operation Radar Frequencies
Applications of Radar
Prediction of Range Performance
Minimum Detectable Signal
Receiver Noise
Transmitter Power
Pulse Repetition Frequency and Range Ambiguities.
UNIT - II
CW and FM-CW Radar
The Doppler Effect,
CW Radar: Block Diagram,
Isolation between Transmitter and Receiver,
Non-zero IF Receiver,
Receiver Bandwidth Requirements,
Applications of CW radar;
FM-CW Radar: Range and Doppler Measurement,
Block Diagram and Characteristics (Approaching/ Receding Targets),
FM-CW altimeter,
Multiple Frequency CW Radar.
UNIT - III
MTI and Pulse Doppler Radar
Introduction
Description of operation
MTI receiver with delay-line canceller
MTI Radar with power-amplifier Transmitter
MTI Radar with power-oscillator Transmitter
Delay Line Cancellers
Filter Characteristics of the delay line canceller
blind Speeds
Double Cancellation
Staggered PRFs
UNIT - IV
Tracking Radar
Tracking with Radar,
Sequential Lobing,
Conical Scan,
Monopulse Tracking Radar:
Amplitude Comparison Monopulse (one-and
two coordinates),
Phase Com- parison Monopulse;
Tracking in Range,
Acquisition,
Comparison of Trackers.
UNIT - V
Radar Receivers and Electronic Warfare
The Radar Receiver
Noise Figure
Displays
Duplexers and Receiver Protectors
Electronic Warfare(EW)
Electronic Countermeasures(ECM)
Electronic Counter- Countermeasures(ECCM)
Stealth Applications
UNIT - I
THE NATURE OF RADAR AND RADAR EQUATION
Introduction,
The Simple form of Radar Equation,
Radar Block diagram and Operation Radar Frequencies,
Applications of Radar;
Prediction of Range Performance,
Minimum Detectable Signal,
Receiver Noise,
Transmitter Power,
Pulse Repetition Frequency and Range Ambiguities.
RADAR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT:
1886-1904
•Heinrich Hertz demonstrated that radio waves could be reflected from solid objects,
laying the ground work for future radar technology.
•Nikola Tesla proposed the use of radio waves to detect objects.
1904: First Patent
•Christian Hülsmeyer, a German engineer, patented an early form of
radar called the "Telemobiloscope" to detect ships and avoid
collisions in fog.
1922: Echo Detection
•Guglielmo Marconi suggested using radio waves to detect distant objects.
•Albert H. Taylor and Leo C. Young, working for the U.S. Navy,
successfully detected a ship using radio waves.
1940s-1950s: Initial Adoption:
•Radar technology was introduced in India during World War II by
the British, primarily for defense purposes.
•Post-independence, India continued to use radar systems inherited
from the British and began developing its own capabilities.
The British developed the cavity magnetron, which allowed the
creation of compact, powerful radar sets.
UNIT – I
THE NATURE OF RADAR AND RADAR EQUATION
INTRODUCTION:
[Link] is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of objects
[Link] operates by transmitting a particular type of waveform,
a pulse-modulated sine wave for example, and detects the nature of the echo signal.
[Link] is used to extend the capability of one's senses for observing the environment,
especially the sense of vision.
[Link] can be designed to impervious to normal human vision, such as darkness, haze,
fog, rain, and snow.
In addition, radar has the advantage of being able to measure the distance or range to
the
object.
[Link] elementary form of radar consists of a transmitting antenna emitting
electromagnetic radiation generated by an oscillator of some sort, a receiving
antenna, and an energy-detecting device or receiver
[Link] detect the presence of the target and to extract its location and relative
velocity.
[Link] was first developed as a detection device to warn of the approach of hostile
aircraft and for directing antiaircraft weapons.
Range measurement:
range R is R=CTR/2.
TR=time taken by the pulse to travel to the target and return.
C=electromagnetic energy propagates at the speed of light c = 3 x10 8 m/s,
The factor 2 appears in the denominator because of the two-way
propagation of radar. range in kilometers or nautical miles, and TR in
microseconds,
Therefore the rate at which the pulses may be transmitted is determined
by the longest range at which targets are expected.
If the pulse repetition frequency is too high, echo signals from some
targets might arrive after the transmission of the next pulse, and
ambiguities in measuring range might result.
Echoes that arrive after the transmission of the next pulse are called
second-time-around (multiple-time-around) echoes.
It could be misleading if it were not known to be a second-time-around
echo.
The range beyond which targets appear as second-time-around echoes is
called the maximum unambiguous range and is
Where fp = pulse repetition frequency,in Hz
A plot of the maximum unambiguous range as a function of pulse
repetition frequency is shown in figure.
Plot of maximum unambiguous range as a function of the pulse repetition frequency
RADAR EQUATION:
Radar Block Diagram and Operation:
(a) PPI presentation displaying range vs. angle (intensity
modulation); (h) A-scope presentation displaying amplitude vs.
range (deflection modulation).
Radar Frequencies:
Radar frequencies and the electromagnetic spectrum
Standard radar-frequency letter-band nomenclature
Standard radar-frequency letter-band nomenclature:
Applications of Radar:
Radar has been employed on the ground, in the air, on the sea, and in space.
[Link] Traffic Control (ATC): Radars are employed throughout the
world for the purpose of safely controlling air traffic route and in
the vicinity of airports. Monitoring the large airport . GCA (ground-
control approach) systems .
[Link] Navigation: The weather-avoidance radar/An airborne
weather radar used to provide the pilot with the necessary weather
information to avoid, not penetrate, severe and dangerous weather.
Radar is also used for terrain avoidance and terrain following.
[Link] Safety:
Radar is used for enhancing the safety of ship travel by warning of
potential collision with other ships, and for detecting navigation buoys,
especially in poor visibility. collision avoidance. Radar is also used for
the surveillance of harbors as an aid to navigation.
[Link]:
Space vehicles have used radar for rendezvous and docking, and for
landing on the moon. Some of the largest ground-based radars are for the
detection and tracking of satellites. Satellite-borne radars have also been
used for remote sensing as mentioned below.
[Link] Sensing:
All radars are remote sensors; however, it sensing of geophysical objects,
or the "environment. It was also used in the past to probe the moon and
the planets (radar astronomy). Earth resources, which includes the
measurement and mapping of sea conditions, water resources, ice cover,
agriculture, forestry conditions, geological formations, and environmental
pollution. The platforms for such radars include satellites as well as
aircraft.
[Link] Enforcement:
In addition to the wide use of radar to measure the speed of
automobile traffic by highway police, radar has also been employed as
a means for the detection of intruders.
[Link]:
Many of the civilian applications of radar are also employed by the
military. The traditional role of radar for military application has been for
surveillance, navigation, and for the control and guidance of weapons. It
represents, by far, the largest use of radar.
Prediction of range performance:
Minimum detectable signal:
Typical envelope of tile radar receiver output as a function of time A, and B and
C represent signal plus noise. A and B would be valid detections, but C is a
missed detection.
Receiver Noise:
Transmitter Power:
Pulse repetition frequency and range ambiguities:
Multiple-time-around echoes that give rise to ambiguities
in range: (a) Three targets A, B and C, where A is within
Runamb, and B and C are multiple-time-around targets;
(b) the appearance of the three targets on the A-scope; (c)
appearance of the three targets on the A-scope with a
changing prf.
