Computer Vision & Image

Processing

[CVIP]
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 Image Restoration

1. Categories of image degradations- noise modeling

2. Image restoration in the presence of noise only

3. Mean filters, order statistics filters (Max, Min and Mid-

point)

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 Noise Model

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 Noise Model

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 Example

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 Example

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 Restoration Need

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 Impulse Noise Model

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 Restoration Filters

1. Mean Filter

2. Median Filter

3. Order Statistics Filter

(Max and Min Filters)

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 Mean Filter

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 Median Filter

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 Order Statistics Filter

Max Filter

Min Filter

Midpoint Filter

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 Example

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 Image Segmentation

Image
Segmentation ?

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 Image Segmentation

Template Matching

Thresholding

Boundary Detection

Clustering
Techniques Quad-Trees

Texture Matching
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 Detection of Edge

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 Image Segmentation
 The purpose of image segmentation is to partition an image into meaningful regions with respect to a particular
application
 The segmentation is based on measurements taken from the image and might be grey level, colour, texture,
depth or motion

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 Image Segmentation

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 Image segmentation

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 Image segmentation

Range
Original
image
image

Segmente
d image

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 Grey level Histogram-based Segmentation

Noise free Low noise High noise

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 Grey level Thresholding

 We can define the greylevel thresholding algorithm as follows:

If the greylevel of pixel p <=T then pixel p is an object pixel else Pixel p is a
background pixel

 This simple threshold test begs the obvious question how do we determine the threshold ?

 Many approaches possible

Interactive threshold

Adaptive threshold

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Minimisation
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method N.RAGHU, AU, Hyderabad 22
 Grey level Thresholding

Low noise Thresholded at

image T=124

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 Image Segmentation

 Detection of discontinuities

 Types of edge detectors

 First-order edge detection operators

 Second-order derivatives filters.

 Edge Linking and Hough Transform

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 Detection of Discontinuities

The discontinuity-based segmentation can be classified into three approaches:

(1) Point detection

(2) Line detection

(3) Edge detection.

Note: A point is the most basic type of discontinuity in a digital image. The most

common approach to finding discontinuities is to run an (n n) mask over each point

in the image.
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 Detection of Discontinuities (Gray level)

w1 w2 W3
R= R≥T (Non-Negative Threshold)
w4 w5 w6
w7 w8 w9

-1 -1 -1 The Mask coefficients sum to zero indicating

-1 8 -1 R=8+8(-1)=0 that the mask response will be zero in areas of

-1 -1 -1 constant graylevel (point Detection)

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 Detection of Discontinuities (Gray level)

-1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 2 -1 -1
2 2 2 -1 2 -1 -1 2 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 -1 -1 2

Detection of Horizontal Detection of Vertical Line Detection of vertical

Line (Diagonal) Line

When the above mask is moved along an image it will respond more strongly to
lines of one pixel width which is first originated with a constant background
(Constant Gray level)

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 Detection of Edge

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 Detection of Edge

 An edge in an image is a significant local change in image intensity, usually associated with a

discontinuity in image intensity or the first derivative of image intensity.

 The discontinuity in the image brightness is called an edge.

 Edge detection is the technique used to identify the regions in the image where the brightness

of the image changes sharply. This sharp change in the intensity value is observed at the local

minima or local maxima in the image histogram, using the first-order derivative.

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 Detection of Edge

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 Edge Detectors (Gradient Operators)

Robert Operator Prewitt Operator

Canny Operator
Sobel Operator

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 Edge Detectors (Gradient Operators)

Laplace Operator
LOG Operator

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 Edge Linking
 Set of pixels from edge detecting algorithms, seldom define a boundary
completely because of noise, breaks in the boundary etc.
 Therefore, Edge detecting algorithms are typically followed by linking and other
detection procedures, designed to assemble edge pixels into meaningful
boundaries.
 2 types – local and global
 Analyze the characteristics of pixels in a small neighbourhood ( 3x3, or 5x5 )
about every point that has undergone edge detection. All points that are similar
are linked, forming a boundary of pixels that share some common properties.
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 Edge Linking

 2 principal properties for establishing similarity of edge pixels:-

• strength of the response of the gradient operator used to produce the edge pixel

• direction of the gradient.

 A point in the predefined neighbourhood of (x,y) is linked to the pixel at (x,y) if

both magnitude and direction criteria are satisfied. This process is repeated for

every location in the image.

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 Edge Linking (Hough Transform)
 The Hough transform is a technique which can be used to isolate features of a particular shape within an image.

 Hough transform is most commonly used for the detection of regular curves such as lines, circles, ellipses, etc.

 The main advantage of the Hough transform technique is that it is tolerant of gaps in feature boundary

descriptions and is relatively unaffected by image noise

 It maps a straight line y=mx+c in a Cartesian coordinate system For a point (x,y) in the Cartesian coordinate plane

, When two points (xi ,yi ) and (xj ,yj ) lie on the same straight line , This intersection point determines the

parameter of the line that joins these two points

 The Hough transform approach is to find the points of intersection in the curves ,each of which corresponds to a

line in the Cartesian xy plane.

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 Edge Linking (Hough Transform)

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 Edge Linking (Hough Transform)

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 Thank You

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