ECEg5233: Industrial

Automation
Electrical and Computer Engineering
School of Technology
Atse Fasil Campus
University of Gondar
 Seal-In Circuits
A seal-in circuit is a method of maintaining current flow after a
momentary switch has been pressed and released.

Hardwired Seal-In Circuit

Motor
Start Stop starter coil

M
M
The seal-in auxiliary contact of the
starter is connected in parallel with
Seal-in contact the Start button to keep the starter
coil energized when the Start button is
released. 2
 Programmed Seal-In Circuit

Ladder logic program

Inputs Output
Motor L2
L1
Stop starter
Start PB Stop PB coil (M)
M
Start
Motor
starter
M
coil (M)

Both the Start and Stop buttons are examined for a closed condition
because both buttons must be closed to cause the motor starter to
operate.
3
 Latching Relay
Latching relays are used where it is necessary for
contacts to stay open and/or closed, even though
the coil is energized momentarily.

L1 L2 Electromagnetic latching
ON
relay circuit
L
When the ON button is momentarily
OFF
actuated, the latch coil is energized to
set the relay to its latched position. The
U
relay does not have to be continuously
energized to hold the contact closed.

PL
Contact shown with relay
in the unlatched position 4
 Programmed Latching Relay Instruction

Command Name Symbol Description

OTL sets the bit to “1” when the
rung becomes true, and retains
its state when the rung loses
continuity or a power cycle
OTL Output Latch occurs

OUT resets the bit to “0” when

the rung becomes true and
OTU Output retains it
Unlatch

XXX Latch and unlatch

coils have the same
XXX address
5
 Latching Relay Program

ON
ON
Latch rung

OFF
OFF Unlatch rung

Output rung

When the ON button is momentarily actuated, the latch rung

becomes true and the latch status bit (10) is set to 1, and so the
output is switched on. This status bit will remain on (1) when logic continuity of the latch
rung is lost.
When the unlatch rung becomes true (OFF button actuated),
the status bit (10) is reset back to 0 and so the output is switched
off. 6
 Timers
There are very few industrial control systems that do not need at least one or two
timed functions. They are used to activate or de-activate a device after a preset
interval of time.

Time delay relays and solid-state timers are used to provide a time delay. They may have
displays, pots or other means of operator interface for time settings and electromechanical or
solid state outputs.

Time Delay Solid-State

Relay Timer

7
 Programmed Timer Instructions

PLC timers are output instructions that provide the same functions as timing
relays and solid state timers.

Some advantages of PLC timers:

 their settings can be altered easily

 the number of PLC timers used

can be increased or decreased by
programming changes without
wiring changes

 timer accuracy and repeatability

are extremely high
8
 RSLogic Timer Commands

TON

Timer/Counter

Command Name Description

TON Timer On-Delay Counts time base

intervals when the
instruction is “true”

9
 RSLogic Timer Commands

TOF

Timer/Counter

Command Name Description

TOF Timer Off-Delay Counts time base

intervals when the
instruction is “false”

10
 RSLogic Timer Commands

RTO RES

Timer/Counter

Command Name Description

Counts time base intervals when the
RTO Retentive Timer instruction is “true” and retains the
ON accumulated value when the
instruction goes "false" or when
power cycle occurs

When this instruction is "true" it

RES Reset
resets the count of the RTO counter
11
Quantities Associated with the Timer Instruction
Preset Time – Represents the time duration of the timing
circuit. For example, if a time delay of 10 s is required, the timer will have a
preset of 10 s.

Accumulated Time – Represents the amount of time that

has elapsed from the moment the timing coil became energized.

Time Base – Timers can typically be programmed with

several different time bases: 1 s, 0.1 s, and 0.01 s are typical time bases. For
example, if you enter 0.1 for the time base and 50 for the preset time the
timer would have a 5 s delay (50 x 0.1 s = 5 s).
12
 Coil-Formatted Timer Instruction
Contact determines The timer assigned
rung continuity an address
The type of timer
is specified XXX

TON

Preset value PR:YYY

Time base 0.1 s
Accumulated value AC:000
When the timer rung has logic continuity, the timer's accumulated value increases. When
accumulated value equals the preset value, the output is energized and and the timed
output contact associated with the output is closed. The timed contact can be used as
many times as you wish throughout the program as a NO or NC contact.

13
 Generic Block-Formatted Timer Instruction
Timers are most often represented by boxes in a ladder logic.

Control line controls the actual timing operation of the timer.

Whenever this line is true the timer will time.
Retentive timer block

Preset time
Time base
Accumulated time Output line

Reset line resets the the timer's accumulated value to zero.

The timer continuously compares its accumulated time with its preset time. Its output is logic 0
as long as the accumulated time is less than the preset time. When the two become equal
14
the
output changes to logic 1.
 Allen-Bradley On-Delay Timer Instruction
Allen-Bradley PLC-5 and SLC-500 controller timer elements each take
three data table words: the control word, preset word, and accumulated
word.

The control word uses three control bits: Enable (EN) bit,
Timer-Timing (TT) bit, and Done-Bit (DN).

TIMER TABLE

/EN /TT /DN

T4:0 0 0 0
15
 Allen-Bradley On-Delay Timer Instruction
The Enable (EN) bit is true (has a status of 1) whenever the timer
instruction is true. When the timer instruction is false, the enable bit is
false (has a status of 0)

Enable bit false

TON
TIMER ON DELAY
Timer T4:0 EN

T4:0
Enable bit true
EN
16
 Allen-Bradley On-Delay Timer Instruction
The Timer-Timing (TT) bit is true whenever the accumulated value of the
timer is changing, which means the timer is timing.

TON
TIMER ON DELAY
Timer T4:0 EN
Preset 50
Accumulated 10

T4:0
Timer-Timing bit true
TT

17
 Allen-Bradley On-Delay Timer Instruction
The Done-Bit (DN) changes state whenever the accumulated value
reaches the preset value. Its state depends on the type of timer being
used.

TON
TIMER ON DELAY
Timer T4:0 EN
Preset 50 DN
Accumulated 10 50

T4:0
Done-bit changes state
DN

18
 Allen-Bradley On-Delay Timer Instruction
The preset value (PRE) word is the set point of the timer, that is, the
value up to which the timer will time.

The accumulated value (ACC) word is the value that increments as the
timer is timing. The accumulated value will stop incrementing when its
value reaches the preset value.

TIMER TABLE
/EN /TT /DN .PRE .ACC
T4:0 0 0 0 0 0
19
 Allen-Bradley On-Delay Timer Instruction
The information to be entered includes:
TON
TIMER ON DELAY
Timer T4:0 EN
Time base 1.0
Preset 15 DN
Accumulated 0

Timer number which must come from the timer file.

Time base which is expressed in seconds.
Preset value which is the length of the time delay.
Accumulated value which is normally entered as 0.
20
 On-Delay Timer Program

Ladder Logic Program

L1 L2
Input A TON
TIMER ON DELAY
Input A Output B G
Timer T4:0 EN
Time base 1.0
Preset 10
Accumulated 0 DN
10 Output C R
T4:0 Output B

EN Output D Y
T4:0 Output C

TT
T4:0 Output D

DN

21
 On-Delay Timer Program
Timing Diagram

On
Input condition A
Off
On
Timer-enable bit
Off
On
Timer-timing bit
Off
2s 4s
On
Timer-done bit
Off

Timer accumulated 0
value
22
 On-Delay Timer Program
Timers are 3-word elements

Word
EN TT DN Internal use 0
Preset value PRE 1
Accumulated value ACC 2

Word 0 is the control word

Word 1 stores the preset value

Word 2 stores the accumulated value

23
 Start-Up Warning Signal Circuit
Relay Ladder Schematic Diagram
L1 Start-up Reset L2
PB1 PB2 CR1

CR1-1
1TD

CR1-2
Horn

CR1-3
1TD-1
(10 s) 24
 Start-Up Warning Signal Circuit
Programmed Circuit

Ladder logic program

Inputs
Output
PB1 PB2 TON
Start-up TIMER ON DELAY
Timer T4:0 EN
PB1 Time base 1.0
T4:0 DN
Reset Preset 10 Horn
PB2 Accumulated 0 10
EN
Horn
T4:0 T4:0

DN EN

25
 Timed Closed Solenoid Valve Program

Ladder logic program Output

Input
L1 L2
Switch SW_1 TON
Timer On Delay EN
SW_1 Valve
Timer timer_1
Preset 12000 DN
Accumulated 012000

timer_1.dn Valve

26
 Automatic Sequential Control System
L1 Start L2
Relay Ladder Stop PB2 Lube oil OL
PB1 pump motor
Schematic
Diagram M1

M1-1 Main drive

motor OL
PS1
M2

(lube oil
pressure switch) 1TD

OL

M3
1TD-1 Feed
(15 s) motor 27
 Automatic Sequential Control System
Programmed Circuit
Ladder logic program
Inputs PB1 PB2 M1 Outputs
OL
PB1
M1 M1
PB2 OL
PS1 M2 M2
PS1
OL
M3

TON
TIMER ON DELAY EN
Timer T4:0
Time base 1.0 DN
Preset 15
Accumulated 0 15

T4:0 M3

DN 28
 Off-Delay Programmed Timer
The off-delay timer (TOF) operation will keep the output energized for a period
after the rung containing the timer has gone false.

Ladder logic program Output

Input
L1 L2

S1 I:1.0/0 TOF
TIMER OFF DELAY
I:1.0/0 EN O:2.0/1 PL
TIMER T4:3
Time base 1.0
DN
Preset 15
Accumulated 0
15
T4:3/DN O:2.0/1

29
 Off-Delay Programmed Timer
Timing Diagram

True
Input condition
S1 False

Timed period

Off delay
timed duration

True (logic 1)
Timed output False (logic 0)
O:2.0/1 Preset value = accumulated value

30
 Off-Delay Timer Used To Switch Motors Off
Input Ladder logic program
Output L2
L1

5000

10000

15000

31
 Retentive Timer
A retentive timer accumulates time whenever the device receives power, and
maintains the current time should power be removed from the device. Once the
device accumulates time equal to its preset value, the contacts of the device
change state. The retentive timer must be intentionally reset with a separate
signal for the accumulated time to be reset.

Electromechnical Retentive Timer

Once power is applied, the motor starts turning
the cam. The positioning of the lobes determines
Cam operated the time it takes to activate the contacts. If power
contact is removed from the motor, the shaft stops but
does not reset.
Motor-driven
cam 32
 Retentive On-Delay Timer Program
The PLC-programmed RETENTIVE ON-DELAY timer (RTO) operates in the same
way as the nonretentive on-delay timer (TON), with one major exception. This is
a retentive timer reset (RTR) instruction.

Unlike the TON, the RTO will hold its

accumulated value when the timer rung
goes false and will continue timing where
it left off when the timer rung goes true
again. This timer must be accompanied by
a timer reset (RES) instruction to reset the
accumulated value of the timer to zero.
Same address

33
Retentive On-Delay Timer Program

039

34
 Retentive On-Delay Timing Chart
Enable bit is reset when input
pushbutton PB1 is opened

Accum = Preset
Accum value retained
when rung goes false

When reset PB2 is closed, the

T4:2/DN bit is reset to 0.
Accumulated value is reset and
held at zero until the reset
pushbutton is opened. 35
 Retentive On-delay Alarm Program
Ladder logic program L2
L1

60000
0

The purpose of the RTO timer is to detect whenever a piping system has sustained a
cumulative overpressure condition of 60 s. At that point, a horn is sounded automatically. You
can silence the alarm by switching the key switch to the rest position.
36
 Bearing Lubrication Program

Sequence Of Operation
1. To start the machine, the operator turns SW on.
2. Before the motor shaft starts to turn, the bearings are supplied with oil by the
pump for 10 s.
3. The bearings also receive oil when the machine is running.
4. When the operator turns SW off to stop the machine, the oil pump continues to
supply oil for 15 s.
5. A retentive timer is used to track the total running time of the pump. When the
total running time is 3 h, the motor is shut down and a pilot light is turned on to
indicate that the filter and oil need to be changed.
6. A reset button is provided to reset the process after the filter and oil have been
changed.
37
38
 Cascading Timers
The programming of two or more timers together is called cascading.
Timers may be interconnected, or cascaded to satisfy any required control
logic.

Relay Schematic Diagram

Three motors started

automatically in sequence with a
20-s time delay between each
motor startup.

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Equivalent Time-Delayed Motor-Starting Program

20000

20000

40
Cascading of Timers for Longer Time Delays

30000

12000

41
 Control of Traffic Lights in One Direction

A typical application for PLC timers is the control of traffic lights.

Control of Traffic in One Direction

Sequence of Operation

Red Green Amber

30 s 25 s 5s

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