NUTRITIONAL
DEFICIENCY
DISORDERS
PRESENTED BY –
Mr. Prashant Suryawanshi
Nursing Tutor , PKCN ,Latur
INTRODUCTION
A nutritional deficiency occurs when
the body doesn't absorb or get from food the
necessary amount of a nutrient. Deficiencies can
lead to a variety of health problems.
These can include digestion problems,
skin disorders, stunted or defective bone growth,
and even dementia .
DEFINITION
An inadequate supply of
essential nutrients (as vitamins and
minerals) in the diet resulting in
malnutrition or disease.
FOUR FORMS OF
NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
1. Undernutrition = pathological state resulting
from the consumption of an inadequate quantity of
food over an extended period of time .
2. Specific Deficiency =absolute or relative lack of
an individual nutrient .
3. Overnutrition = consumption of an excessive
quantity of food for an extended period of time .
NUTRITIONAL
DEFECIENCY
DISORDERS
1.PROTEIN
ENERGY
MALNUTRITION
PROTEIN ENERGY
MALNUTRITION
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM),
sometimes called protein-energy undernutrition (PEU),
is a form of malnutrition that is defined as a range of
pathological conditions arising from coincident lack of
dietary protein and/or energy (calories) in varying
proportions.
The condition has mild, moderate, and severe degrees.
CLASSIFICATION
I. KWASHIORKOR ( PROTEIN )
II. MARASMUS ( CALORIES )
III. MARASMIC- KWASHIORKOR ( BOTH )
IV. SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION
1. KWASHIORKOR
Kwashiorkor is the most common and
widespread nutritional disorder in
developing countries. It is a form of
malnutrition caused by not getting enough
protein in the diet.
Etiology
Very low protein but with calories from
CHO
In places where starchy foods main staple
Never exclusively dietary
Clinical Manifestations
✔ Diagnostic Signs
• Edema
• Muscle wasting
• Psychomotor changes
✓ Common Signs
• Hair changes
• Diffuse depigmentation of skin
• Moonface
• Anemia
✔ Occasional Signs:
• Flaky-paint rash
• Hepatomegaly
• Associated
2. MARASMUS
Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition
that consists of the chronic wasting away
of fat, muscle, and other tissues in the
body.
Malnutrition occurs when the body does
not get enough protein and calories.
This lack of nutrition can range from a
shortage of certain vitamins to complete
starvation.
Marasmus is one of the most serious forms
of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in the
world
Etiology
Balanced starvation
Insufficient breastmilk
Dilute milk
mixture or lack of hygiene
Clinical Manifestations
Wasting
Muscle wasting
Growth retardation
Mental changes
No edema
Variable-subnormal temp, slow PR, good
appetite, often with diarrhea, etc
MARASMIC -
KWASHIORKOR
A malnutrition disease, primarily of children,
resulting from the deficiency of both
calories and protein. The condition is
characterized by severe tissue wasting,
dehydration, loss of subcutaneous fat,
lethargy, and growth retardation
Treatment
I. Ampicillin iv for atleast 2 days f/b oral
amoxycillin
II. i.v. gentamicin or amikacin for 7 days.
III. If no imrovement within 48hrs :
1.i.v. cefotaxime
2. Ceftriaxone
Prevention :
1. Follow standard precautions like hand hygiene
2. Give measles vaccine if >6 months and not
immunised or if the child is more than > 9 months.
2.OBESITY
Definition
Childhood obesity is when excess
body fat negatively affects a child's
health and/or well being.
Etiology
Excessive food intake compared with use
Genetic constitution
Psychic disturbance
Endocrine & metabolic disturbances rare
Insufficient exercise or lack of activity .
Clinical Manifestations
• Fine facial features on a heavy-looking taller
child
• Pendulous abdomen with striae
• Larger upper arms & thighs
• In boys, external genitalia appears small but
actually average in size
• Genu valgum common
• Relatively small hands & fingers tapering
• In girls, external genitalia normal & menarche
not delayed
• Adiposity in mammary regions
• Psychologic disturbances common
Treatment
Diet and Exercise weight loss medications-
including
Liraglutide
Lorcaserin
topiramate/phentermine are only approved
for patients age 18 years and older.
Metformin, which is not approved for
weight loss, has shown minimal effects in
children.
Bariatric Surgery
4.VITAMIN DEFICIENCY
DISORDERS
Vitamin deficiency
Most of the vitamins are not synthesized inside the
body, so they need to be supplied via diet.
Vitamins also act as co-factor in many enzyme
systems so essential for various body functions.
Any type of lowered supply of vitamin may lead
towards the various diseases.
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMIN
Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies occur when the body does
not absorb or store enough of these essential nutrients,
leading to various health problems.
Since these vitamins (A, D, E, and K) dissolve in fat and
are stored in the liver and fatty tissues, deficiencies
usually develop over time, often due to poor dietary
intake, fat malabsorption disorders (such as liver disease,
celiac disease, or cystic fibrosis), or certain medical
conditions.
Unlike water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins are
not excreted easily, making both deficiency and toxicity
concerns in clinical practice.
Identifying and addressing deficiencies early is crucial for
maintaining overall health and preventing complications.
Water soluble vitamins
The water-soluble vitamins include ascorbic acid
(vitamin C), thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6
(pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine), folacin,
vitamin B12, biotin, and pantothenic acid
MINERALS DEFICIENCY
