8th
Grade
Atoms, Elements,
and the Periodic
Table
Here is where
November
your presentation
2024
begins
Denifition
• Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements
• An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and generally
neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically bound swarm
of electrons.
Characteristics of the particles
Particle Location Mass Charge
1 atomic mass Neutral
Neutron Nucleus
unit (AMU) 0
1 atomic mass
Proton Nucleus
unit (AMU)
+1
Electron cloud
in energy levels
Electron (outside
-1
(negligible)
nucleus)
Nucleus Atom - -
The Periodic
Table
Atomic number = proton
number Element
symbol Name
Mass
number
Atomic number = proton
number = electron number
(smaller number)
Neutron number + proton
number = mass number (bigger
number)
The Periodic Table
Atomic number
=
Mass number =
Number of
proton=
Number of
electron =
Number of
Electron shell diagrams
Nucleus ( symbol of
element)
Second electron First electron shell
shell (maximum 8 (maximum 2 electrons)
electrons)
Carbon electron
shell
• Use atomic number when draw electron shell
• Ex: Electron arrangement of Sodium: 2,8,1
• Electron in the outermost layer = group in the
Periodic Table
The Periodic
Table Period
Group
Period =
number of
shells
Group =
number of
electrons in
the outermost
shell
Group 1: Alkali metals
• The Group 1 metals are also called the alkali metals as they form
alkaline solutions with high pH values when reacted with water
Group 1 will lose 1 electron and form an ion with a 1+ charge
Na-> Na+
Group 1: Alkali metals
Physical properties Chemical properties
The Group 1 metals: • They react readily with oxygen
• Are soft and easy to cut, getting and water vapour in air so they
even softer and denser as you are stored under oil to stop them
move down the Group (sodium from reacting
and potassium do not follow the
trend in density) • Group 1 metals will react similarly
with water, reacting vigorously to
• Have shiny silvery surfaces produce an alkaline metal
when freshly cut hydroxide solution and
hydrogen gas
• Conduct heat and electricity
• Lithium will be the least reactive
• They all have low melting points metal in the group at the top, and
and low densities compared to francium will be the most
other metals, and the melting reactive at the bottom
point decreases as you move
down the Group
Group 1: Alkali metals
Group 7: The halogen
Group
7
Group 7 is called halogens “salt
producing”
Group 7 gain 1 electron to form ions
with a 1- charge
Group 7: Halogens
Physical properties Chemical properties
• Chlorine is a pale yellow-green • halogens in aqueous solutions:
gas, bromine is a red-brown Chlorine: Very pale green but
liquid and iodine is a grey-black usually appears colourless
solid Bromine: red brown liquid
Iodine: Brown liquid
• Reactivity of Group 7 non-metals
increases as you go up the group
• The melting and boiling point
of the halogens increases as you
go down the group. Fluorine is at
the top of Group 7 so will have the
lowest melting and boiling • Halogen displacement
point. Astatine is at the bottom reactions
of Group 7 so will have the
highest melting and boiling
point
Group 7: Halogens
Group 8: Noble gas
All gases in group 8 (group 0) are inert
(unreactive) and do not form compounds
The noble gases are in Group 8 (or Group 0); they
are non-metals and have very low melting and
boiling points
They are all monoatomic, colourless gases
Transition elements
• They are lustrous
• They are hard and strong
• They conduct heat and
electricity
• They have high melting points
• They form ions with different
charges :E.g. Iron forms Fe2+ and
Fe3+ ions
• They are useful as catalysts
• They form coloured compounds
Air pollution
Carbon
dioxide (CO2)
Sources
• Complete combustion
of fossil fuels
Effects
global warming,
which leads to
climate change
Air
Carbon • Incomplete Toxic / poisonous
monoxide combustion of fossil
(CO) fuels
Methane • Waste gases from Increases global
(CH4) digestive processes of warming, which
animals leads to climate
change
• Decomposition of
vegetation
• Bacterial action in
swamps, rice paddy fields
and landfill sites
Nitrogen (N2) • Reaction of nitrogen with Acid rain
oxygen in the presence of
high temperatures
Sulfur dioxide • Combustion of fossil Acid rain
(SO2) fuels
Why elements react
together?
Elements react in 2 ways:
● Losing and gaining electrons => ionic compounds
● Sharing electrons
● An ionic compound is a compound that is formed by ionic bonding
● Ionic bond= attraction between positive and negative ions
● Potassium is the most reactive and Lithium is the least reactive
● Fluorine is more active than chlorine
● Sodium chloride have ionic bonding
Giant
structure
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound which
has giant structure called lattice
Silicon dioxide is a covalent compound
which has giant structure
The comparision of ionic and covalent
compounds
Ionic compounds have high boiling point and melting point
Covalent compounds have low boiling point and melting
point
Elements, compounds and
mixtures
Compoun Mixtures
Elements
ds
A substance made of atoms A pure substance made up A combination of two or
that all contain the same of two or more elements more substances (elements
number of protons and chemically combined and/or compounds) that
cannot be split into are not chemically
anything simpler Compounds cannot be combined
separated into their
There are 118 elements elements by physical Mixtures can be separated
found in the Periodic Table means by physical methods
such as filtration or
evaporation
