C hapter Four
Array, Strings and pointer
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Array
a group of similar types of elements
that have contiguous memory
location.
a container that encapsulates fixed size
arrays. array index starts from 0.
An array is a consecutive group of memory
locations
The memory locations in the array are
known as elements of array
total number of elements in the array is call
2 the length of the array
Cont’d …
size of an Array is “static”. Once you have created an
“array”, you cannot change the number of elements it
holds.
If you create an array with 42 occurrences, then it will always have 42
elements.
an array is a group of contiguous memory locations
that all have the same name and same type.
This declares that x is an array of char variables.
char x[];
This declares that y is an array of int variables.
int x[5];
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Cont’d …
Array is a collection of variables that can hold
value of same type and reference by
common name .
Its is a derived data Structure
Introduction Array indexing is always start
from zero
and highest address corresponds to last
element
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One Dimensional
Array
a group of elements having the same datatype
and same name. Individual elements are referred
to using common name and unique index of the
elements.
The array itself is given name and its elements are
referred to by their subscripts. an array is denoted
as follows
Declaration :
• Data_type array_name [size of array ];
Eg:
• Int num[10];
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Array Visualization
Specifies an array of
variables of type int
int primes[10]; // An array of 10 integers
The name of
the array
index values
primes[9]
primes[0] primes[1] primes[2] primes[3] primes[4]
Example:
Notice how the first element is the “Zeroth.”
“Z” is the first element, with a subscript of “0”
x[0]
To change an element, you x[1]
assign it this way. x[2]
X[3] = ‘Y’; x[3]
This changes the value of the x[4]
array location, not the x[5]
subscript value. x[6]
If your array is declared with a
x[7]
data type of char, then you x[8]
must use single quotes.
Double quotes are used for String.
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Declaring an Array Variable
Array declarations use square brackets.
Example:
int c[4]= {1, 2, 3, 4};
or
int c[4];
c= {1, 2, 3, 4};
Syntax:datatype label[size];
Example:
Int prices [7];
String names[5];
Cont’d …
You can use an “Initializer List” enclosed in
braces to quickly insert values in your array:
int n[] = { 12, 44, 98, 1, 28 };
Because this list has 5 values in it, the
resulting array will have 5 elements.
If we had a char array, it would be
like this: char m[] = { ‘t’, ‘I’, ‘M ’,
‘ Y’ };
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Accessing Array Elements
To access an item in an array, type the name
of the array followed by the item’s index in
square brackets.
Example:- the
expression:-
names[0];
will return the first
element in the names
array
Filling an Array:-
Assign values to
compartments:
Example:
Write a program that display elements of one
dimensional array.
Out Put
10
300
20
400
900
Exercise
What is the value of c after the
following code segment?
Cout<<“ Result: “<<c[j];
}
Output:
2-Dimensional Arrays
The arrays we've used so far can be thought
of as a single row of values.
Each element of the 2-D array is accessed by
providing two indexes:
a row index and a column index
called as a an array of arrays
0 1
0 8 4
1 9 7
2 3 6
• value at row index 2, column index
0 is 3
Cont’d …
• A 2-d array is an array in which each element is itself
an array
• It have a number of rows and columns
i.e: int num[4][3];
size of 2-D array
Total bytes= no of rows*no of columns*size of(base
type)
We declare a 2D array two sets of square
brackets: double height[20] [55];
2
This 2D array has 20 rows and 55 columns
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Initialize Two Dimensional Array in C++
the general form to initialize values to two
dimensional array in C++
Sintax:
data_type array_name[row_size][column_size]
= { {comma_separated_value_list} };
Example:- declaring and initializing values to two
dimensional array named arr of type int, containing
5 row and 2 column i.e., dimension of this array is
5*2
int arr[5][2] = { {1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}, {7, 8}, {9, 10} };
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Cont’d …
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Part - Two
C++ String
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Strings
Strings are the combination of characters.
In other words, you can think strings as an
array of characters.
• Examples: “hello”, “high school”, “H2O”.
C++ has a <string> library
Include it in your programs when you wish
to use strings: #include <string>
In this library, a class string is
defined and implemented
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Declaration of strings
The following instructions are all equivalent.
They declare x assign the string “high school”
to it:
string x= “high school”;
string x;
x=“high school”;
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Operations on strings
Concatenation
Let x and y be two strings
To concatenate x and y, write:
x+y;
string x= “high”; O utp
string y=z;“school”;
string z=highschool
ut
z=x+y; z= highschool was
cout< < “z= “< <z<< e fun
ndl;
z =z+“ was fun”;
cout< < “z= “< <z<< e
2
ndl;
0
C++ String
Example
#include
<iostream>
using namespace
std;
int main( ) {
string s1 =
"H ello";
char ch[] = {
} 'C', '+',
'+'}; Output:
Hello
string s2 =
C++
string(ch);
C++ String Compare
Example
#include
< iostream> O utpu
#include t:
<cstring> What is my
using favorite fruit?
namespace std; apple
int main (){ What is my
char key[] = favorite
"mango"; char fruit? banana
buffer[50]; What is my
do { favorite fruit?
cout<<"What is my favourite mango
fruit? "; cin>>buffer; Answer is
}
correct!!
while (strcmp(key,buffer) != 0);
C++ String Concat Example
#include
<iostream> Outpu
#include t:
Enter the key
<cstring> using string:
namespace std; Welcome to
Enter the buffer
int main()
string: C++
{ Programming.
char key[25], Key = Welcome to
buffer[25]; C++
Programming.
cout < < "Enter Buffer = C+
the key string: +
"; Programmi
[Link](key, ng.
cout
25); < < "Buffer = " < <
buffer<<endl;
cout < < "Enter return 0;
the buffer
} string: "; [Link](buffer,
C++ String Copy Example
#include
Output
<iostream> :
#include Enter the key
string: C++
<cstring> using
Program
namespace std; Key = C++
int main(){ Program Buffer =
C++ Program
char key[25],
buffer[25];
cout
cout <
<< < "Enter
"Key = "<< key < <
the key string: ";
endl; cout < < "Buffer = "<<
[Link](key,
buffer<<endl; return 0;
25);
}
strcpy(buffer,
C++ String Length Example
#include
<iostream>
#include
<cstring> using
namespace std;
int main(){
char ary[] = "Welcome to C++
Programming"; cout < < "Length of
String = " < <
strlen(ary)<<end
l;
return 0;
}
Part Three
Pointers
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C++ Pointers
🞂 A pointer is a variable, it is also known as
locator or indicator that points to an address
of a value.
🞂 A pointer is a variable whose value is the
address of another variable with the same
type.
🞂 Like any variable or constant, you must
declare a pointer before you can work
with it.
🞂 The general form of a pointer variable
declaration is type * var-name;
Cont’d …
// pointer to an integer
Example: int *ip;
// pointer to a double
double *dp;
//pointer to a float
float *fp;
char *ch; // pointer to character
🞂 Apointer is a variable that holds the memory
address of
another variable of same type.
• This memory address is the location of another
variable where it has been stored in the
memory.
🞂 It
supports dynamic memory allocation
schedules.
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Cont’d …
Advantage of pointer
🞂 Reduces the code and improves the
performance.
It is used to retrieving strings, trees etc.
and used with arrays, structures and
functions.
🞂 We can return multiple values from
function using pointer.
🞂 It makes you able to access any memory
location in the computer's memory.
Cont’d …
Symbols used in pointer
Symbol Name Description
& • Determine the
• Address
(ampersand address of a
operator
sign) variable.
∗ • Indirection • Access the value of
(asterisk operator an address.
sign)
∗
Declaring a pointer
The pointer in C++ language can be
declared using (asterisk symbol).
Exampl int ∗ a; //pointer to
e: char ∗
int
c; //pointer to char
Cont’d …
A pointer is a variable which holds the
memory address of another variable.
used for sorting the address of a memory
cell.
We can use the pointer to reference this
memory cell.
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Cont’d …
Address of operator(&)
🞂 It is a unary operator that returns the
memory
address of its operand.
🞂 Here the operand is a normal variable.
Eg. int x =
10; int *ptr =
&x;
🞂 Now ptr will contain address where the variable
x is stored in memory.
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Cont’d …
🞂 The “address of ” operator (&) gives the memory
address of the variable.
🞂 Usage: &variable name;
Example:
int a=100;
// to gets the value, use the variable name
cout<<a; //prints 100
//To get the memory address, add the address
operator before the variable name
cout<<&a; //prints 1024
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Cont’d …
Example:
int a=100;
int *p=&a;
cout<<a<<
”
”<<&a<<e
ndl;
//
prints
a=100
and
3 &a=1
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Cont’d …
Dereference operator (*)
• It is a unary operator that returns the value stored at
the
address pointed to by the pointer.
• Here the operand is a pointer variable.
🞂 Example:
int x = 10;
int *ptr = &x;
cout<< ptr;
// address
stored at ptr
will be
displayed
cout<<*ptr
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;
Cont’d …
🞂 Example:
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Cont’d …
Output: value1=5 and value2 = 20
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Question
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