CHAPTER SIX

DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORT

WRITING
 Data Analysis

• The data, after collection, has to be processed and analyzed in

accordance with the outline laid down for the purpose at the
time of developing the research plan
• The term analysis refers to the computation of certain
measures along with searching for patterns of relationship
that exist among data-groups
 Need for Analysis of Data

• To make the raw data meaningful,

• To test null hypothesis,
• To obtain the significant results,
• To draw some inferences or make generalization, and
• To estimate parameters
 Cont’d
Analysis is concerned with three major topics:-
• Data preparation,
• Data presentation
• Interpretation
 Data preparation

It includes the processes of

• Editing,
• Coding
• Tabulation
 a. Editing

• Editing of the collected raw data is the first step in analysis. It

is basically a process of examination to detect errors and
omissions, and to correct these when possible.
• The editor is responsible for seeing that the data (1) as
accurate as possible, (2) consistent with other facts secured,
(3) uniformly entered (4) as complete as possible, (5)
acceptable for tabulation and (6) arranged to facilitate coding
and tabulation.
• Tables, to illustrate the tabulation and comparisons that will
be needed, should be set up before the final research design
details are settled
 b. Coding

• Coding refers to the process of assigning numerals or other

symbols to answers so that responses can be put into a
limited number of categories or classes
• Coding is necessary for efficient analysis and through it the
several replies may be reduced to a small number of classes
which contain the critical information required for analysis.
• Coding decisions should usually be taken at the designing
stage of the questionnaire
 c. Tabulation

• Tabulation is the process of summarizing raw data and

displaying it in compact form for further analysis.
• Tabulation is essential because of the following reasons
 It conserves space and reduces explanatory and descriptive statement
to a minimum.
 It facilitates the process of comparison.
 It facilitates the summation of items and the detection of errors and
omissions.
 It provides a basis for various statistical computations.
 2. Data presentation

• It involves breaking down and rearranging

data into more meaningful groups to aid the
search for significant relation ships.
• Many research studies result in a large volume
of raw statistical information, which must be
reduced to more manageable dimensions if
we want to see the meaningful relationships
in it.
 3. Interpretation

• interpretation involves the drawing of

inferences from data relationships.
• In its broadest sense interpretation extends
beyond the study data to include the
comparison of inferences to those of other
studies, hypotheses, and theories
 Statistical Data Analysis

• Descriptive Statistical Analysis,

• Inferential Statistical Analysis
 Descriptive Statistical Analysis

• Descriptive statistical analysis is concerned with

numerical description of a particular group observed
and any similarity to those outside the group cannot
be taken for granted.
• Most commonly used methods of descriptive
analysis data statistically are:
i. Frequency distribution
ii. Measures of central tendency
iii. Measures of dispersion
 i. Frequency Distributions

• The starting point for many data descriptions is the

frequency distribution.
• A frequency distribution is a table that summarizes
raw data by showing the number of scores that fall in
each of several categories.
• Simple Frequency Distributions
• Grouped Frequency Distributions
• Frequency Histograms
 ii. Measures of central tendency

• Measures of central tendency (or statistical

averages) tell us the point about which items have a
tendency to cluster.
The most popular averages are
 Mean,
 Median
 Mode
 iii. Measures of dispersion

• An averages can represent a series only as best as a

single figure can, but it certainly cannot reveal the
entire story of any phenomenon under study
• Important measures of dispersion are:
Range,
standard deviation
Variance
 Inferential statistical analysis

• Inferential statistics help us to draw conclusions

beyond our immediate samples and data
• For example, inferential statistics could be used to
infer, from a relatively small sample of employees,
what the job satisfaction is likely to be for a
company’s entire work force.
• Some inferential statistical analysis tools are;
t-test
F-test( Analysis of variance-ANOVA)
Regression analysis
 Regression Analysis

• Linear regression is a method of estimating or

predicting a value on some dependent variable given
the values of one or more independent variables
• There are two basic types of regression analysis
a. simple regression and
b. Multiple regression
 Cont’d
• In simple regression, we attempt to predict the dependent
variable with a single independent variable
Y = a + bX
Y= dependent variable
X = independent variable
In multiple regressions, as in the case of the insurance adjuster,
we may use any number of independent variables to predict
the dependent variable.
Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2….+….bnXn
Y= dependent variable
X1 and X2 are independent variables
 Statistical Software for Data Analysis

• There are different software that can be used for

data analysis from the simplest Microsoft excel to
SPSS
Microsoft excel (spread sheet)
It is used to compute many statistical calculations like mean,
standard deviation, variance. It is also used to draw different
graphs (pie chart, line graph, and histogram)
SPSS
SPSS is a computer package specializing in quantitative data
analysis. It is widely used by researchers. It is powerful, able
to deal with large datasets, and relatively easy to use.
 Research Report Writing

• A report is a very formal document that is written for

a variety of purposes in the sciences, social sciences,
engineering and business disciplines
• Generally, findings pertaining to a given or specific
task are written up into a report.
• It should be noted that reports are considered to be
legal documents in the workplace and, thus, they
need to be precise, accurate and difficult to
misinterpret.
 Cont’d
• A number of points should be taken in to consideration while
writing a research report
• First, in writing a report one should remember the purpose of
the report. One of the purposes of your report is to convince
people that you have produced a good, sound piece of
research and the more professional your report looks the
better your chances of success.
• Second, one should consider the target readers. Thought
should be given to the needs, temperament, and biases of the
audience. Knowing who will read the report may suggest its
appropriate length. Generally, the higher the report goes in
an organization, the shorter it should be.
 Report Contents

1. Prefatory Items
• Title Page
• Authorization Letter
• Acknowledgment
• Executive Summary
• Table of Contents
• List of tables and illustrations
 Cont’d
2. Body/main text
This can be organized in chapters as follows:
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: Review of the Related Literature
Chapter Three: Research Methodology
Chapter Four: Data Analysis and Discussion of Results
Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation
 Cont’d
3.Supplemental
– Appendices
– Bibliography( References)
 THE END
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