Hawking Radiation
(For Beginners)
Paul Dirac
Who are Beginners ?
• Should recognise these equations —
1)
2)
3)
4)
Plan of Talk :-
1) Schwarzschild Metric and first encounter with event horizons.
2) No Hair Theorem and Killing Horizons
3) Kerr Black Holes
4) Penrose Process of Energy Extraction.
5) First realisation to Black Hole Thermodynamics, Hawking
Temperature and Entropy.
6) Black Holes are NOT classical — Unruh Effect and Hawking
Radiation
7) Information Paradox — A Glance
Plan of Talk :-
1) Schwarzschild Metric and first encounter with event horizons.
2) No Hair Theorem and Killing Horizons
3) Kerr Black Holes
4) Penrose Process of Energy Extraction.
5) First realisation to Black Hole Thermodynamics, Hawking
Temperature and Entropy.
6) Black Holes are NOT classical — Unruh Effect and Hawking
Radiation
7) Information Paradox — A Glance
NOTE :- and sign = (-,+,+,+) throughout.
Schwarzschild Metric and “Hidden Monster”
;
Schwarzschild Metric and “Hidden Monster”
; —> Schwarschild Radius
Understanding geometry of space-time by exploring causal structure,
consider therefore Radial Null Curves, ;
Schwarzschild Metric and “Hidden Monster”
; —> Schwarschild Radius
Understanding geometry of space-time by exploring causal structure,
consider therefore Radial Null Curves, ;
(1)
Light cones close up at , not a well behaved coordinate system. Hunt for a new
and efficient coordinate system, well behaved at , in which dt/dr varies more
slowly than () system at necessary.
Schwarzschild Metric and “Hidden Monster”
; —> Schwarschild Radius
Understanding geometry of space-time by exploring causal structure, consider
therefore Radial Null Curves, ;
(1)
Light cones close up at , not a well behaved coordinate system. Hunt for a new and
efficient coordinate system, well behaved at , in which dt/dr varies more slowly than
() system at necessary.
Solving (1), we get; ;
, —> New Coordinates. Infalling Modes are prescribed by = const.
and = const. prescribe outgoing modes.
, —> New Coordinates. Infalling Modes are prescribed by = const.
and = const. prescribe outgoing modes.
In Eddington-Finkelstein Coordinates,
;
Thus, metric is perfectly regular at , and condition for radial null curves
will be;
(infalling) ; (outgoing)
, —> New Coordinates. Infalling Modes are prescribed by = const. and
= const. prescribe outgoing modes.
In Eddington-Finkelstein Coordinates,
;
Thus, metric is perfectly regular at , and condition for radial null curves
will be;
(infalling) ; (outgoing)
Therefore, since is a null surface instead of being timelike, so it is the causal
structure of spacetime that makes it impossible to cross the horizon in an outward
going direction and thus the name “BLACK HOLE” — a region separated from
infinity by an EH.
, —> New Coordinates. Infalling Modes are prescribed by = const. and = const.
prescribe outgoing modes.
In Eddington-Finkelstein Coordinates,
;
Thus, metric is perfectly regular at , and condition for radial null curves
will be;
(infalling) ; (outgoing)
Therefore, since is a null surface instead of being timelike, so it is the causal structure of
spacetime that makes it impossible to cross the horizon in an outward going direction and
thus the name “BLACK HOLE” — a region separated from infinity by an EH.
Remember, a local infalling person in EH will experience no change since local geometry
remains the same.
No Hair Theorem
On earth, external gravitational field shall necessarily depend on the
density profile of mountain ranges and valleys on surface .
P.C. — NASA Earth
No Hair Theorem
On earth, external gravitational field shall necessarily depend on the
density profile of mountain ranges and valleys on surface .
To an utter surprise, depending on what matter fields we have in
in our theory, we have a NO-HAIR THEOREM;
Stationary, Asymptotically Flat Black Hole Solutions to GR;
coupled to electromagnetism that are non-singular outside theP.C. — NASA Earth
event horizon are fully characterised by parameters of Mass,
Charge (Electric and Magnetic), and Angular Momentum.
No Hair Theorem
On earth, external gravitational field shall necessarily depend on the
density profile of mountain ranges and valleys on surface .
To an utter surprise, depending on what matter fields we have in
in our theory, we have a NO-HAIR THEOREM;
Stationary, Asymptotically Flat Black Hole Solutions to GR;
coupled to electromagnetism that are non-singular outside theP.C. — NASA Earth
event horizon are fully characterised by parameters of Mass,
Charge (Electric and Magnetic), and Angular Momentum.
Even if, there are some sort of oscillatory solutions, they are damped by
emission of gravitational radiation and evolve rapidly to stationary states.
Killing Horizons
Formation of Horizons are inevitable in Gravitational Collapse scenarios as
per cosmic censorship conjecture is concerned.
If any killing vector is null along some null hyper-surface , we say that is a
killing horizon for , which is normal to the hyper surface since a null surface
can’t have two linearly independent null tangent vectors (say is a tangent
vector to any such surface).
Killing Horizons
Formation of Horizons are inevitable in Gravitational Collapse scenarios as
per cosmic censorship conjecture is concerned.
If any killing vector is null along some null hyper-surface , we say that is a
killing horizon for , which is normal to the hyper surface since a null surface
can’t have two linearly independent null tangent vectors (say is a tangent
vector to any such surface).
From GR, we know that Space-Time having time translational symmetry
always has associated Killing Vector , on Schwarschild Metric , hence , . It
also goes from being timelike to space like at a BH Event Horizon. Thus a
static symmetric black hole has event horizon as the killing horizon.
To every killing horizon there is Surface Gravity () — this will later
emergence as measure of surface temperature of BH, this emergences in
the geodesic equation; .
To every killing horizon there is Surface Gravity () — this will later emerge
as measure of surface temperature of BH, this emergences in the geodesic
equation; .
To fix on the surface, we choose an appropriate normalisation of Killing
Vectors, i.e., .
To every killing horizon there is Surface Gravity () — this will later emerge
as measure of surface temperature of BH, this emergences in the geodesic
equation; .
To fix on the surface, we choose an appropriate normalisation of Killing
Vectors, i.e., .
In a static, asymptotically free spacetime, surface gravity is the acceleration
of a static observer near horizon as measured by a static observer at
infinity.
To every killing horizon there is Surface Gravity () — this will later emerge
as measure of surface temperature of BH, this emergences in the geodesic
equation; .
To fix on the surface, we choose an appropriate normalisation of Killing
Vectors, i.e., .
In a static, asymptotically free spacetime, surface gravity is the acceleration
of a static observer near horizon as measured by a static observer at
infinity.
After a short calculation, surface gravity emerges out to be; where, V is
the redshift factor given by; and . In schwarschild, this turns out to be; .
So, surface gravity of a big black hole is weaker than small ones.
Kerr (Rotating) Black Holes
A stationary, rotating (non static), uncharged solution to Einstein Field
Equations discovered independently by Roy Kerr.
Kerr (Rotating) Black Holes
A stationary, rotating (non static), uncharged solution to Einstein Field
Equations discovered independently by Roy Kerr.
with and
Kerr (Rotating) Black Holes
A stationary, rotating (non static), uncharged solution to Einstein Field
Equations discovered independently by Roy Kerr.
with and
‘M’ and ‘a’ parametrise the possible solutions to the metric; where M is
identified as Komar Energy () and ‘a’ is Angular Momentum per unit mass -> ,
where; —> total energy of stationary spacetime.
is the schwarschild limit as should be and is flat space limit but not in
ordinary polar coordinates, or flat space in ellipsoidal coordinates.
Two killing vectors associated with the metric:
and (associated to axisymmetric nature of metric)
Two killing vectors associated with the metric:
and (associated to axisymmetric nature of metric)
Now, for finding out event horizon(s), we do the same procedure as before;
—>
We will be dealing with the case ; as gives naked singularities and equality gives
unstable configurations since adding in extra any of the other quantity renders us
to either of the former possibilities.
; at , .
Two killing vectors associated with the metric:
and (associated to axisymmetric nature of metric)
Now, for finding out event horizon(s), we do the same procedure as before;
—>
We will be dealing with the case ; as gives naked singularities and equality gives
unstable configurations since adding in extra any of the other quantity renders us
to either of the former possibilities.
; at , .
So, the killing vector is already space like on the outer horizon (also on inner one)
except
for the polar points ( or ) where it is null.
So, the event horizons are killing horizons. Then what is it ?
So, the event horizons are killing horizons. Then what is it ?
The surface where norm of K is zero is given by; also known as Stationary
Limit Surface is the killing horizon for the killing vector K.
So an ergosphere, forms between a stationary limit surface and outer
event horizon which is the most important region for the Penrose process of
energy extraction to take place. Inside ergosphere, we must move in the
direction of rotation of the black hole, and can move away or towards the
event horizon and
and even exist through SLS.
Penrose Process
Discovered by Roger Penrose and was the first step towards understanding
the energy mechanism of black hole leading to formation of Black Hole
Thermodynamics.
Penrose Process
Discovered by Roger Penrose and was the first step towards understanding
the energy mechanism of black hole leading to formation of Black Hole
Thermodynamics.
Extracting energy from the rotation of the Kerr Black Holes.
Penrose Process
Discovered by Roger Penrose and was the first step towards understanding
the energy mechanism of black hole leading to formation of Black Hole
Thermodynamics.
Extracting energy from the rotation of the Kerr Black Holes.
Take a massive particle, . Corresponding conserved energy and Angular
Momentum;
and
Penrose Process
Discovered by Roger Penrose and was the first step towards understanding
the energy mechanism of black hole leading to formation of Black Hole
Thermodynamics.
Extracting energy from the rotation of the Kerr Black Holes.
Take a massive particle, . Corresponding conserved energy and Angular
Momentum;
and
Since is space like inside the ergosphere, we can always find a particle
whose energy is negative —>
Outside the SLS, energy of any particle must be positive, so all particles
inside SLS must remain inside unless accelerated to a positive energy. If this
is done, we are able to extract energy from the Black Hole by the PENROSE
Process.
Outside the SLS, energy of any particle must be positive, so all particles
inside SLS must remain inside unless accelerated to a positive energy. If this
is done, we are able to extract energy from the Black Hole by the PENROSE
Process.
You+Rock System—>
Initially;
Finally;
If you are arbitrarily strong, such that , then
then we gain energy in this process,
Where is this energy coming from ? There is nothing known as “free lunch”.
Where is this energy coming from ? There is nothing known as “free lunch”.
Kerr Black PENROS
Hole E
Angular
Momentum
Where is this energy coming from ? There is nothing known as “free lunch”.
Kerr Black PENROS
Hole E
Angular
Momentum
This energy is coming by claiming it from Black Hole Rotation or Angular
Momentum. More Precisely;
We construct a Killing Horizon made of a combination of K and R;
1)
2) (2nd particle crosses this horizon by moving forward in time).
3) Plugging in definitions of E and L , we get; ; since is negative
and so particle must be moving opposite to Black Hole Rotation.
4) Therefore, decrease in energy and angular momentum of BH is and
. So, using above inequality; or how much we can decrease
the angular momentum of Black Hole. In ideal case, when falling in trajectory is
exactly null, at speed of light, .
5) This may seem to violate Hawking’s Area Theorem; “Assuming weak energy
condition and cosmic censorship hypothesis, area of a future event horizon
(BH
Event Horizon in an asymptotically flat spacetime is non decreasing” because
area is
related to mass (see for example Schwarschild Area) and M is decreasing here.
6) Again Angular Momentum comes to Hawking’s and ours rescue. Since it is
also
decreasing, a combination happens such that Area can only increase. Let’s
see
how;
6) Again Angular Momentum comes to Hawking’s and ours rescue. Since it is also
decreasing, a combination happens such that Area can only increase. Let’s see
how;
Area of the outer horizon = =
7) Let’s define something called irreducible mass,
, so it can never decrease.
8) By the same logic then,
9) This can be recasted into the form;
(2)
where, , which is the surface gravity of
Kerr Black Holes, given by,
First insight into Thermodynamics
Equation 2 and first law of thermodynamics has some correlation, for 2nd
term of former gives a sense of work done on the Black Hole;
First insight into Thermodynamics
Equation 2 and first law of thermodynamics has some correlation, for 2nd
term of former gives a sense of work done on the Black Hole;
, comparing with eqn(2) we see that we can write,
; ;
First insight into Thermodynamics
Equation 2 and first law of thermodynamics has some correlation, for 2nd
term of former gives a sense of work done on the Black Hole;
, comparing with eqn(2) we see that we can write,
; ;
ZEROTH LAW OF BLACK HOLE THERMODYNAMICS — Temperature of the
Black hole remains constant throughout the surface under thermal
equilibrium with surroundings or Stationary Black Holes have a constant
surface gravity throughout, again because chosen event horizon is a killing
horizon.
FIRST LAW OF BH THERMODYNAMICS — We have already seen equivalence
between the two equations.
SECOND LAW OF BH THERMODYNAMICS (Most Imp. at both places) — Area of the
Event Horizon never decreases and hence we have an associated entropy :-
(Bekenstein generalised 2nd Law)
THIRD LAW OF BH THERMODYNAMICS — T==0 is a possible case for extremal
black holes (unstable states) but area of such black holes are still finite (also as
virtue of area theorem). So, strong form of third law conservation is violated
which is even true for ordinary physical systems (absolute zero is impossible to
reach), yeah
agreed that systems are there which support third law but that’s not
fundamentally.
Why was the genius of this person even needed ?
If someone has observed carefully, it turns out
that we have done a little fudging in comparing S
and T with eqn (2). What we can only tell is
TdS = dA/8. We can’t just by looking in here tell how to separately
normalise
S/A or or a combination.
This was only possible when Hawking came up with an independent
derivation of temperature and thus an associated entropy to say that Black
Holes are NOT classical, they are purely Quantum Mechanical which can spit
out particles in the universe and thus event horizon of Black Holes
evaporate over time and the famous quotation goes by — “Black Holes are
not so black, they glow like Black Bodies”.
Black Holes are “NOT” Classical
Most popular way to discuss is to perform a euclidean path integral over the
Rindler Space (near EH) and carrying it forward to discuss Unruh Radiation
(over Minkowski Vacuum) and ultimately construction of Hartle-Hawking
State for BH glow.
Black Holes are “NOT” Classical
Most popular way to discuss is to perform a euclidean path integral over the
Rindler Space (near EH) and carrying it forward to discuss Unruh Radiation
(over Minkowski Vacuum) and ultimately construction of Hartle-Hawking
State for BH glow.
Rindler Space — 2D Patch of Minkowski Space; , horizon at R=0 so,
coordinates are good for R>0 and any . This is the same thing as metric over
2-D plane polar surface with rotations in complex domain.
If we map , then and , as expected it converts to Minkowski, .
If R is constant (Rindler Observer), as can be seen intuitively as well as
mathematically, it is not a geodesic line— particles are uniformly
accelerating.
Periodicity Trick for Hawking Temperature;
1) From QM in path integral formalism, we know that, performing wick’s
rotation
to euclidean time with periodicity is such that for finite
temperatures.
2) With that, we construct a thermal green’s function (euclidean green’s
function
on a cylinder)
3) Solving it first in Rindler Space and then continuing to Schwarschild we will
have, , So; !! Same as previous result for Schwarschild
Black Hole.
UNRUH Radiation :-
1) Suppose this room in Minkowskian, in vacuum state. Any worldline of a
particle at rest (or along a geodesic) doesn’t feel any temperature of the
room.
2) Consider I jump below the stage and I have some acceleration “a”
related
to . Now room is in minkowski vacuum, but I will still feel a heat bath
at temp. . What sorcery is this !!
3) Nothing, because it is just our illusion that vacuum states are true,
which
breaks down in general. Relativistic effects can’t be denied in
anything!!
4) So, in my thermometer, , where is
also the redshift factor or position of me (rindler observer); .
So, for a Minkowski Observer, Rindler Observer is accelerating uniformly or
equivalently is carrying a Rocket booster, that is exciting my thermometer and I am
detecting heat bath, and whenever I detect a particle, I send a light pulse to you so
that you know, I detect thermal effects !!, So, the two most important things in here
is the periodicity of Rindler space near horizon and selection of a very special state
called Minkowski Vacuum.
HAWKING Radiation :-
1) Applying same logic to Black Holes, which has a regular stress tensor
on both Past and Present Horizons, or finding a regular quantum state
which is actually “HARTLE-HAWKING STATE”. Physically, it is a black
hole in thermodynamic equilibrium with surroundings.
2) Hence any observer standing close to EH, will see blackbody
emission by Black Body Emissions by BH and observer may see
a grey body effect due to absorption of radiation by intervening
geometry, and hence it glows and BH evaporate gradually — a thing
which is responsible for information loss and one of the
most important puzzles of Quantum Theory of Gravity, till date !!
Experimental Evidence to HR
Let’s calculate Hawking Temperature (Entropy is not a directly
measurable for any system) for the giant, Sgr A* at the heart of our milky
way.
It is a supermassive black hole of mass ,
assuming it to be schwarschild, . Temperature is too much
small to be even detected sitting at the planet, at present.
(Originally, of the order ).
Talking for unruh radiation which relies on accelerated observers,
even to reach a temperature of 1K, one has to accelerate
which is like burning in hell!!
HR is prominent only in primordial black holes which is believed to exist during the
accelerated inflationary expansion of the universe 13.8 Billion Years ago but present
mechanisms are yet not advanced to do a detailed study of that region. So till then, let’s
convince ourselves with :-
Experimental Evidence to HR
Let’s calculate Hawking Temperature (Entropy is not a directly
measurable for any system) for the giant, Sgr A* at the heart of our milky
way.
It is a supermassive black hole of mass ,
assuming it to be schwarschild, . Temperature is too much or HR
small to be even detected sitting at the planet, at present.
(Originally, of the order ).
Talking for unruh radiation which relies on accelerated observers, or HR
even to reach a temperature of 1K, one has to accelerate
which is like burning in hell!!
HR is prominent only in primordial black holes which is believed to exist during the
accelerated inflationary expansion of the universe 13.8 Billion Years ago but present
mechanisms are yet not advanced to do a detailed study of that region. So till then, let’s
convince ourselves with :-
References
1) Spacetime and Geometry; An Introduction to General Relativity — Sean
Carroll
2) Gravitation : Foundation and Frontiers — Thanu Padmanabhan
3) Lectures on Quantum Gravity and Black Holes — Thomas Hartman
4) The Black Hole Interior from non-isometric codes and complexity — Chris
Akers,1
Netta Engelhardt, Daniel Harlow, Geoff Pennington, Shreya Vardhan.
1
(arXiV
2207.06536v1)
5) QFT in curved spacetime — Edward Witten (arXiV 2112.11614v5)
“We are just an advanced breed of primates on a minor
planet of a
very average star. But we can understand the universe.
That makes
us something very special.”
— S.W.
Hawking
(1942-2018)
