Unit - III

THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR
Topics to be covered;
Constructional details – Types of rotors – Principle of
operation – Slip – cogging and crawling - Equivalent
circuit – Torque-Slip characteristics - Condition for
maximum torque – Losses and efficiency – Load test -
No load and blocked rotor tests - Circle diagram –
Separation of losses – Double cage induction motors –
Induction generators – Synchronous induction motor.
Induction Motors
Overview of Three-Phase Induction Motor

 Induction motors are used worldwide in many residential,

commercial, industrial, and utility applications.
 Induction Motors transform electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
 It can be part of a pump or fan, or connected to some other
form of mechanical equipment such as a winder, conveyor,
or mixer.
 Introduction
General aspects
• Simple construction, High reliability, High efficiency
• A induction machine can be used as either a induction
generator or a induction motor.
• Induction motors are popularly used in the industry
• Available wide range of power ratings: fractional
horsepower to 10 MW
• Run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full load
• Its speed depends on the frequency of the power source
 not easy to have variable speed control
 requires a variable-frequency power-electronic
drive for optimal speed control
• Focus on three-phase induction motor
• Main features: cheap and low maintenance
• Main disadvantages: speed control is not easy, Most of
them run with a lagging power factor
 An induction motor works on transforming action.
 The stator works as the primary while the rotor
works as the short circuited secondary.
 It is also called asynchronous motor.
Construction
 It consists of two parts:

1. Stator - It is the stationary part of the motor.

2. Rotor - It is the rotating part of the motor.

Basic construction
The AC induction motor comprises 2 electromagnetic parts:
Stationary part called the stator
Rotating part called the rotor, supported at each end on
bearings
The stator and the rotor are each made up of:
An electric circuit, usually made of insulated copper or
aluminum, to carry current
A magnetic circuit, usually made from laminated steel, to
carry magnetic flux
STATOR
SLOTS CORE

WINDINGS
Stator has three main parts:

Outer Frame – It is the outer body of the of the

motor. It protects the inner part of the machine.
Stator Core – Built up of high grade silicon steel.
Carries the alternating magnetic field.
Stator winding – Has a three phase winding.
ROTOR
 This is the rotating part of the motor. As with the stator
above, the rotor consists of a set of slotted steel
laminations pressed together in the form of a
cylindrical magnetic path and the electrical circuit.
 There are two types of rotors which are employed in 3
– phase induction motor.
 Squirrel Cage Rotor.
 Phase Wound/ Slip Ring Rotor.
Construction
Squirrel cage rotor

Wound
rotor

Notice
the slip
rings
SQUIRREL CAGE
ROTOR
 Squirrel cage rotor type, which comprises a set of copper or
aluminum bars installed into the slots, which are connected to an
end-ring at each end of the rotor. The construction of these rotor
windings resembles a ‘squirrel cage’. Aluminum rotor bars are
usually die-cast into the rotor slots, which results in a very
rugged construction. Even though the aluminum rotor bars are
in direct contact with the steel laminations, practically all the
rotor current flows through the aluminum bars and not in the
laminations.
 It consists of a laminated cylindrical core having semi
closed circular slots at the outer periphery.
 Copper or aluminum bar conductors are placed in
these slots and short circuited at each end by copper
or aluminum rings called short circuiting rings.
 The rotor winding is permanently short circuited and
it is not possible to add any external resistance.
 Therotor slots are not parallel to the shaft but
skewed to –

 Reduce humming .

Provide smoother torque for different positions of

rotor.

Reduce magnetic locking of stator and rotor.

PHASE
WOUND
ROTOR
 Wound rotor type, which comprises 3 sets of insulated
windings with connections brought out to 3 slip rings
mounted on the shaft. The external connections to the
rotating part are made via brushes onto the slip rings.
Consequently, this type of motor is often referred to as
a slip ring motor.
 It is also called SLIP RING ROTOR

 Consists of a laminated core having semi closed slots

at the outer periphery and carries a 3-phase insulated
winding.

 The rotor is wound for the same number of poles as

that of stator.

 The three finish terminals are connected together

forming a star point and the three star terminals are
connected to three slip rings fixed on the shaft.
 The other parts
 The other parts, which are required to complete the
induction motor are:
Two end-flanges to support the two bearings, one at
the drive-end (DE) and the other at the non drive-end
(NDE)
Two bearings to support the rotating shaft, at DE and
NDE
Steel shaft for transmitting the torque to the load
Cooling fan located at the NDE to provide forced
cooling for the stator and rotor
Terminal box on top or either side to receive the
external electrical connections
Extra parts
Comparison of Squirrel cage and slipring
induction motor
Squirrel cage Induction Motor:-
Most of the application of industrial as well as domestic are
this type of induction motor.
Its construction is simple and rugged.
Cheap copare to slipring IM
Maintainance is easy
Cost is less compare to slipring IM
Can use at explosive area
Starting torque is low compare to slip ring IM
Application:-
Lathe machine, Compressors, centrifugal pump, in
agriculture etc. where cost is most important factor
Comparison of Squirrel cage and slipring
induction motor
Slipring Induction Motor:-
It has high starting torque compare to squirrel cage IM
Construction is complicated
Maintanance cost is high compare to squirrel cage IM
Starter requires compulsory
Can not use at explosive area

Application:-
Crane, hoist, lift and where high starting torque is required
 Rotating Magnetic Field
 Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees
form each other, fed by balanced three
phase source
 A rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude is produced, rotating with a
speed
120 f e
nsync  rpm
P
Where ,
fe is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and
nsync is called the synchronous speed in rpm
(revolutions per minute)
Principle of Operation

When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a 3 phase voltage

supply, 3 phase current will flow in the windings, hence the stator
is energized.
A rotating flux Φ is produced in the air gap. The flux Φ induces a
voltage Ea in the rotor winding (like a transformer).
The stationary rotor cut the revolving field and due to
electromagnetic induction an e.m.f. is induced in the rotor
conductor.
The induced voltage produces rotor current, as the rotor
conductor is short circuited current flows through them.
The rotor current interacts with the flux Φ, producing torque. The
rotor rotates in the direction of the rotating flux.
Working of 3-Phase Induction Machine
EMF induction in 3-phase Induction
Motor
 φ
EMF
generated
3 phase supply due to
rotating flux

Nr < N s
 Slip

 Induction motor rotor always rotate at a speed less than

synchronous speed.
 The difference between the flux (Ns) and the rotor speed (N) is

called slip.

% Slip = (Ns – Nr) × 100

Ns
Slip speed = Ns – Nr
 Frequency of Rotor current of EMF
- - - - - - - (1)

Substitute this in equation (1)

 Thus the frequency of rotor induced emf in an induction

motor is equal to the product of slip and supply frequency.
 It is also known as slip frequency
Torque Vs Slip Characteristics
Direction of Rotor Rotates
 Question :
 How to change the direction of rotation?
Example

An 230 -V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected induction

motor has a full-load slip of 5 percent
1. What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
2. What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
3. What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated load?
4. What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated load?
Solution
120 f e 120(60)
1. nsync 
P

4
1800 rpm

2. nm (1  s )ns
(1  0.05) 1800 1710 rpm

f r sf e 0.05 60 3Hz

3.
Pout Pout
 load  
4. m 2 nm
60
10 hp 746 watt / hp
 41.7 N .m
1710 2 (1/ 60)
Refer text book:-

 Equivalent circuit

 Performance calculation
Equivalent circuit
Losses and Efficiency of Induction
Motor
 There are two types of losses occur in
three phase induction motor. These losses are,

1. Constant or fixed losses,

2. Variable losses.
Constant or fixed losses,
i. Iron or core losses,
ii. Mechanical losses,
iii. Brush friction losses.
Variable Losses
 Test performed in induction motor
 Load test

• Output Power vs Efficiency

• Output Power vs Torque
• Output Power vs Speed
• Output Power vs Load Current
• Torque vs % Slip

 No – load and Blocked rotor tests

Efficiency
Pout
 100%
Pin
if Plosses are given,
Po Pin  Plosses
Po Pm  P
otherwise,
Pin  3 Vs I s cos 
Pout  x hp 746W 746 x Watt
SEPARATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES
 The separation of core-loss and mechanical loss (windage and
friction) can be obtained by no-load test conducted from
variable voltage, rated frequency supply. Step by step reduce
the voltage till the machines lip suddenly start to increase and
the motor tends to rest (stall). The core loss decrease almost
square of the voltage and windage and friction loss remains
almost constant. Plot the curve between applied voltage(V)
and power(Po), extended to V=0which gives mechanical loss.
 Mechanical loss will be obtained from graph
 Magnetic loss + mechanical loss = output power
 Therefore., magnetic loss = output power –mechanical loss
 CIRCLE DIAGRAM
 Graphical representation
 Based on the equivalent ckt.,
 But the advantage of circle diagram is that Circle Diagram of Ind
Motor extremities or Limits of stator current, Power, torque and
slip can be known from circle diagram. The circle diagram is
constructed with the help

1. No load test (I0& θ0)

2. Blocked rotor test (Isc& θsc)

V

Normal rating
of Induction
Motor
S
Tm
Pm
A

H
Rotor Copper
loss
L
ISN Output Line
E

𝛷sc
Stator Copper
Torque Line loss

𝛷o
M
F

O' N C Friction & Windage loss

Io

O K I S'
G I
 Steps to draw the circle diagram:
Step 1: Take reference phasor V as vertical Y-axis
Step 2: From no-load test, Io and Φo can be calculated. A vector Io can

be laid off lagging Φo behind the applied voltage V

Step 3: From the blocked rotor test, the short circuit current
corresponding to normal voltage and Φsc are found. A vector ISN can

be laid off lagging Φsc behind the applied voltage V

ISN = Is * (V / Vs)

Step 4: Draw the bisector to O'A it represents current I' 2 referred to

the stator. O'A is known as output line

Step 5: Draw the bisector O'A and draw the circle with radius OC’
Step 6: From Io draw a line parallel to x-axis

Step 7: The vertical distance O'P represents the no-load input that
supplies the core loss, friction and windage loss and small amount of
I2R loss
Step 8: The vertical component AG of OA is proportional to motor
input on short circuit
Step 9: If stator copper loss is equal to rotor copper loss, take
midpoint of AF and name it as E. join O'E and this line which
separates the stator and rotor copper loss is known as torque lines
Step 10: FG represents the fixed loss (friction and windage loss, small
amount of stator core loss)
Step 11: To determine maximum output draw a tangent parallel to O'A
locate a point Pm by drawing perpendicular to the output line from C
(MP = maximum output)
Step 12: To determine maximum torque draw a tangent parallel to
torque line. To locate Tm draw a perpendicular from the point C to the

torque line (Tm = maximum torque)

Step 13: Maximum input power occurs at the highest point of the
circle where the tangent to the circle is horizontal (SS' = maximum
input)
V

Normal rating of
Induction Motor

S
Tm

Pm
A

H
Rotor Copper loss

L
Output Line
ISN E

𝛷sc
Stator Copper loss
Torque Line

𝛷o
M
F

O' N C Friction & Windage loss

Io

O K I S'
G I
 DOUBLE CAGE ROTOR

Double Cage Rotor has two independent cages on the same rotor slots,
one inside the other for the production of high starting torque. The outer
cage (alloy) in the rotor has high resistance and low reactance which is
used for starting purpose. The inner cage (copper) has a low resistance
and high reactance which is used for running purpose. The
constructional arrangement and torque-speed characteristics as shown
in fig.
Advantages:
 High starting torque.
 Low I2R loss under running conditions and high
efficiency.
 INDUCTION GENERATOR

Induction generator differs from the synchronous generator as

Dc current excitation is not required.
Synchronization is not required.

Three phase
Prime Mover Induction
Motor
SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION
MOTOR
Advantages:
It will start and synchronize itself against heavy loads.
No separate damper winding is required.
The exciter may be small unit due to smaller air-gap.
 Cogging
 Magnetic locking
 Crawling
Ns , Synchronous Speed Nr = Ns * (1 / 7) , of Speed

Kreech
Kreech

Actual Crawling
Problems
Example
A 480-V, 60 Hz, 50-hp, three phase induction motor is drawing
60A at 0.85 PF lagging. The stator copper losses are 2 kW, and
the rotor copper losses are 700 W. The friction and windage
losses are 600 W, the core losses are 1800 W, and the stray
losses are negligible. Find the following quantities:
1. The air-gap power PAG.
2. The power converted Pconv.
3. The output power Pout.
4. The efficiency of the motor.
Solution
1. Pin  3VL I L cos 
 3 480 60 0.85 42.4 kW
PAG Pin  PSCL  Pcore
42.4  2  1.8 38.6 kW
2. Pconv PAG  PRCL
700
38.6  37.9 kW
1000
3.
Pout Pconv  PF &W
600
37.9  37.3 kW
1000
Solution
37.3
Pout  50 hp
0.746

Pout
4.  100%
Pin
37.3
 100 88%
42.4
Example
A 460-V, 25-hp, 60 Hz, four-pole, Y-connected
induction motor has the following impedances in
ohms per phase referred to the stator circuit:
R1= 0.641 R2= 0.332
X1= 1.106  X2= 0.464  XM= 26.3 
The total rotational losses are 1100 W and are
assumed to be constant. The core loss is lumped in
with the rotational losses. For a rotor slip of 2.2
percent at the rated voltage and rated frequency,
find the motor’s 4. Pconv and Pout
1. Speed
5. ind and load
2. Stator current
3. Power factor 6. Efficiency
Solution
120 f e 120 60
1. nsync  P  4 1800 rpm

nm (1  s )nsync (1  0.022) 1800 1760 rpm

R2 0.332
2. Z 2   jX 2   j 0.464
s 0.022
15.09  j 0.464 15.11.76 
1 1
Zf  
1/ jX M  1/ Z 2  j 0.038  0.0662  1.76
1
 12.9431.1 
0.0773  31.1
Solution
Z tot Z stat  Z f
0.641  j1.106  12.9431.1 
11.72  j 7.79 14.0733.6 
4600
V 3
I1   18.88  33.6 A
Z tot 14.0733.6
3. PF cos 33.6 0.833 lagging
4.
Pin  3VL I L cos   3 460 18.88 0.833 12530 W
PSCL 3I12 R1 3(18.88) 2 0.641 685 W
PAG Pin  PSCL 12530  685 11845 W
Solution
Pconv (1  s ) PAG (1  0.022)(11845) 11585 W

Pout Pconv  PF &W 11585  1100 10485 W

10485
= 14.1 hp
746
5.  ind PAG 11845
  62.8 N.m
sync 2 1800
60
Pout 10485
 load   56.9 N.m
m 2 1760
60
6. Pout 10485
 100%  100 83.7%
Pin 12530
Example
A two-pole, 50-Hz induction motor supplies 15kW to a load at a
speed of 2950 rpm.
1. What is the motor’s slip?
2. What is the induced torque in the motor in N.m under these
conditions?
3. What will be the operating speed of the motor if its torque is
doubled?
4. How much power will be supplied by the motor when the torque
is doubled?
Solution
120 f e 120 50
1. nsync  P  2 3000 rpm

nsync  nm 3000  2950

s  0.0167 or 1.67%
nsync 3000
2.  no P
f W given

 assume Pconv Pload and  ind  load

Pconv 15 103
 ind   48.6 N.m
m 2
2950 
60
Solution
3. In the low-slip region, the torque-speed curve is
linear and the induced torque is direct
proportional to slip. So, if the torque is doubled
the new slip will be 3.33% and the motor speed
will
nm be
(1  s )nsync (1  0.0333) 3000 2900 rpm

Pconv  ind m
4.
2
(2 48.6) (2900  ) 29.5 kW
60
Example
A 460-V, 25-hp, 60-Hz, four-pole, Y-connected wound-
rotor induction motor has the following impedances
in ohms per phase referred to the stator circuit
R1= 0.641 R2= 0.332
X1= 1.106  X2= 0.464  XM= 26.3 
1. What is the maximum torque of this motor? At
what speed and slip does it occur?
2. What is the starting torque of this motor?
3. If the rotor resistance is doubled, what is the speed
at which the maximum torque now occur? What is
the new starting torque of the motor?
4. Calculate and plot the T-s c/c for both cases.
Solution
XM
VTH V
R12  ( X 1  X M ) 2
460
26.3
 3 255.2 V
2 2
(0.641)  (1.106  26.3)
2
 XM 
RTH R1  
X
 1  X M 
2
 26.3 
(0.641)   0.590
 1.106  26.3 
X TH  X 1 1.106
Solution
R2
sTmax 
1. 2
RTH  ( X TH  X 2 ) 2
0.332
 0.198
2 2
(0.590)  (1.106  0.464)

The corresponding speed is

nm (1  s )nsync (1  0.198) 1800 1444 rpm

Solution
The torque at this speed is

1  3VTH2 
 max   
2s  R  R 2  ( X  X )2 
 TH TH TH 2 
3 (255.2) 2

2
2 (1800  )[0.590  (0.590) 2  (1.106  0.464) 2 ]
60
229 N.m
Solution
2. The starting torque can be found from the
torque eqn. by substituting 2  Rs 2= 1
3VTH  
1  s 
 start  ind s 1  2
s  R2  2
R
 TH    ( X TH  X 2 )
 s  s 1

3VTH2 R2

s [ RTH  R2   ( X TH  X 2 ) 2 ]
2

3 (255.2) 2 (0.332)

2
1800  [(0.590  0.332) 2  (1.106  0.464) 2 ]
60
104 N.m
Solution
3. If the rotor resistance is doubled, then the slip
at maximum torque doubles too
R2
sTmax  0.396
2
RTH  ( X TH  X 2 ) 2

The corresponding speed is

nm (1  s )nsync (1  0.396) 1800 1087 rpm

The maximum torque is still
max = 229 N.m
Solution
The starting torque is now
3 (255.2) 2 (0.664)
 start 
2
1800  [(0.590  0.664) 2  (1.106  0.464) 2 ]
60
170 N.m