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HTML Basics

The document provides an overview of HTML, its structure, and how to create HTML documents using plain text editors. It covers key concepts such as markup languages, web browsers, document structure, and various HTML elements including text tags, lists, and hyperlinks. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of proper syntax and nesting for validation, along with examples of basic HTML constructs.

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fouad.legribi
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2 views

HTML Basics

The document provides an overview of HTML, its structure, and how to create HTML documents using plain text editors. It covers key concepts such as markup languages, web browsers, document structure, and various HTML elements including text tags, lists, and hyperlinks. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of proper syntax and nesting for validation, along with examples of basic HTML constructs.

Uploaded by

fouad.legribi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 54

H T M L BASICS

1
MARK-U P LANGUAGES
 Traditionally used to provide typesetting
information to printers where text should be
indented, margin sizes, bold text, special font
sizes and styles, etc.
 Word processors like M S Word, and typesetting

systems like LaTex are also forms of mark-up


languages.
 Rich Text Format (rtf) files are written in a

mark-up text format.

2
HYPERTEXT M ARKUP L A N G UAG E
( H T M L )
describes the structure of the document

 provides text and other formatting instructions


to tell the browser how to render the material.

 has
evolved to version 4.01.
www.w3.org

3
WEB BROWSER
 Software when connected to the Internet is able
to access documents at remote locations and
display them locally in accordance with its
interpretation of markup instructions in the
document.

 Examples: Internet Explorer, Chrome, FireFox,


Opera, etc.

4
H T M L DOCUMENTS
 Plain text files, with extension htm or html.
 The extension tells the browser interpret the file

according to H T M L standards.
 Browsers may display other types of files as well,

according to the file’s extension.


⚫ TXT - .txt - plain text file, no formatting.
⚫ P D F - . portable document format (Adobe
corporation)
⚫ J P G - .jpg - J P E G image file.

5
HTML
DOCUMENTS
 No special software is needed; you may use any
plain text editor to create html files manually.

 Just start by copy-pasting the template codes


provided into a new document in the editor
program of your choice* and edit/revise the
content with your own desired elements.

 Although H T M L ignores white spaces, for


convenient code viewing and editing, always be
sure to use line breaks and indentations logically
and sensibly.
6
WHICH TEXT EDITOR?
 Windows Users:
⚫ Notepad is all you need but html files must always be
saved as "All files" format.
⚫ Notepad++ is one example of a nice alternative with
handy features.

 Mac Users:
⚫ TextEdit is all you need but since it is by default a
RTF editor, it must be configured to the plain
text mode in Preferences.
⚫ Textwrangler is one example of a nice alternative for
novice users who is not so comfortable with file
7
format.
A WORD OF CAUTION:
 No matter which editor you use, if it is not
strictly plain text, some characters may cause
display errors.

⚫ One common problem involves illegal quotation mark


characters (double and single) such as those
generated as smart quotes or inverted quotation
marks (“ … ”) that are improperly rendered by
browsers.

⚫ Such characters should be replaced by plain straight


quote (" … ") characters.
8
M O R E ON H T M L EXTENSIONS
 For special applications there are proprietary
extensions for the html language although they
are N OT official parts of html.

⚫ Active Server Pages (ASP) files are server-side


script
engine by Microsoft.

⚫ Personal Home Page: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)


which, like asp, generally require the server to have a
special handling package installed, for the extension.
9
C AS E RESTRICTIONS
 Technically, H T M L is not case-sensitive (case-
insensitive), meaning that either upper or lower
case may be used in tags and the browser will not
care.

Example: <hr> = <HR> = <hR>.

⚫ However, it is strongly recommended that you


use lower case only in this course to avoid
confusion.
10
DOCTYPE
 A pre-processor directive at the top of the document tells the
browser (and the validator) what kind of standards apply to the
document.

Important: The pre-processor directive at the top, together with the


<meta tag specifying the content type in the head are
both required in your course assignment document to
enable proper code validation.

<! DOC TY P E H T M L P U B L I C "-//W3C//DTD H T M L 4.01 Transitional//EN">


…
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">

*See their proper application in the "testpage.html" example in the next slide.

11
TEMPLATE
*Use the codes below to begin constructing your assignment document.

<!DOCTYPE H T M L P U B L I C "-//W3C//DTD H T M L 4.01 Transitional//EN">

<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">

<title>***replace this text with course & section number and your full name
</title>

</head>

<body>
<!--Begin your content specification by adding your elements here. -->

</body>
12
</html>
BASIC H T M L D O C U M E NT
STRUCTURE
Html document consists of the head and the body.
⚫ The head contents are used by the browser/system.
⚫ The body elements are rendered (displayed) by the browser.

<html> { Markup Language Type Declaration }


<head>
<title> { Descriptive Text Here }</title>
</head>

<body>
{ Main content here }
</body>
</html> 13
THE H EA D (HEADER)
SECTION
 <head> (begin the head section)

 <title> (a descriptive title of document)

 </title>

 <! --- >Optional items such as script here</>

 </head> (end of the head section)


14
THE BODY SECTION
<body>

{ elements of the document to be displayed in the


document area go here }

</body>

15
BODY ELEMENTS
 html documents consist of a number of elements
where text is placed in containers with a open/begin
tag and an close/end tag (tandem tags)

<open tag>some text goes here.</close tag>

 Some containers use only one tag – aka empty


or
stand-alone tags
<hr> : draws a line across the document
<br> : a line feed, or break 16
BASIC
CONSTRUCTS
 All tags must be nested correctly to pass validation.
⚫ Rule of thumb: last-opened-first-closed

Consider these element combination:


<p> … </p> contains a normal paragraph text and
<em> … </em> contains emphasized/bolder text

Invalid:
<p>This overlap is not <em> nested. </p> So it is invalid. </em>

Valid:
<p>This is correct <em>nesting.</em> It is valid.</p>
17
TEXT E L E M E N T
TAGS

<p> … </p> (Paragraph)


<b> … </b> (Bold)
<i> … </i> (Italics
<u> … </u> (Underline)
<em> … </em> (Emphasis - depends on browser)
<br> (Line feed or break)
<hr> (Horizontal Rule/line)

18
P R E S E T FORMAT

<h1> … </h1> (Heading level 1: most prominent)


<h2> … </h2>
<h3> … </h3>
…
<h6> … </h6> (Heading level 6: least prominent)

<blockquote> (Indents content one tab)


…

</blockquote>
19
LISTS: N U M B E R E D O R
BULLETED
{Begin an Ordered List – numbered}
<ol>
<li> … </li> {1st list element}
<li> … </li> {2nd list element}
</ol> {End of Ordered List}

{Begin anUnordered List – bulleted}


<ul>
…
</ul>
20
SIMPLE H T M L D O C U M E N T
EXAMPLE
<!DOCT YPE H T M L P U B L I C "-//W3C//DTD H T M L 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">

<! This is a comment line: you may place it anywhere in your document; the browser will ignore it.>
<title> H T M L document example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h3> This be a heading level 3</h3>
<p>This is a sentence in this document.</p>
<p>This is another sentence.</p>
<blockquote> <! The list below will be indented.>
<ol>
<li> First list item</li>
<li> Second list item</li>
<li> Third list item</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
</body>
</html>

21
THE ANCHOR ELEMENT
 The anchor element, the tag name, single
letter a, is used to connect or link different
documents or parts of one document.

 Any text associated with the anchor element,


called anchor text is displayed on the screen.

 When an anchor text is clicked, a 'jump' is


made
to the destination or target location.
22
H Y P E RT E X T L I N K S
 Anchor tag is used to create a link that jumps
from one point in a document to another
destination (target location).

Destination may be:


a. external (another web site), or
b. local (a document in the local server), or
c. internal (another section in the current document).

23
GENERAL
FORM:
<a href = "URL"> anchor text </a>

 Be Sure To Read: Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) -


what they are and how they're structured is explained in
What is a U R L ?

 As our examples demeonstrate, there are many ways to


specify the U R L attributes in various situations.

24
E X A M P L E A (E XTERNAL ):
<a href = "http://www.yorku.ca">York University</a>

 Searches for the web address "www.yorku.ca" on


the World Wide Web.

 The York site's default page, e.g., index.html, will


be displayed when the site is located.

25
E X A M P L E B (L OCAL ):
<a href = "faves.html">My Favourite Things </a>

Note: a particular file path is not specified here; the


browser assumes the file is in the same
directory as the calling document (default)
and, if found, opens "faves.html" replacing
the current page in the browser's document
area.

⚫ If the target file, faves.html, is not found, an error


message will be displayed.
26
E X A M P L E C: ( W ARNING : N O T T RANSPORTABLE )
<a href = "file://c:/myweb/resume.html">My Resume</a>

 The "file" protocol, tells the browser to search in the


myweb subdirectory of the C: drive for the resume
page - as long as the page is accessed from the same
machine, this is not problematic.

 However in the context of the Web access, unless an


identical file path exists in the web server (which is
virtually never the case), the browser will fail to find
the file.
⚫ Therefore, a web page with such U R L specification is not
27
transportable, i.e., not useful for publication on the Web.
I N T E R N A L (N AMED ) L I N KS :
 Used to create a link that jumps from an origin point in a
document to another location within the same document.
 The href attribute of the anchor tag at the origin point
uses a hashtag (#) pre-pended to the destination name.
<a href = "#target">Go To Target</a>
 Another anchor placed at the destination (target) location
in the document is marked with a name attribute.
<a name = "target"> </a>

Note the absence of the anchor text.


28
E X A M P L E D: I N T E R N A L ( NAMED ) L I N K S
<a href = "#references">Go To Reference List</a>

 Displays "Go To Reference List" and causes a jump to


the point of the named location when clicked.

<a name = "references"> </a>

 Creates a named label "target" at the point in the


document where it is located.

Note: names are case-sensitive; must be identical in


both tags. 29
I M A G E S - EMBEDDED/INLINE
 The img (element) is used for displaying image
and graphics files.

Attributes:
 src = "filename…. ": Identifies the file to be

loaded into a document.


 align = "top", (or "middle", "bottom", "left", or

"right") positions the image in the document

30
E.G. 1

<img src="../pix/selfie01.jpg">

 Loads a jpeg* file named "selfie01" into the


document at the location of the element.

 J P E G - Joint Photographic Experts


Group compression format – file
extension, .jpg

 Note: the file must be found in the specified


folder one level above current. 31
E.G. 2
<img src = "animals/elephant.gif" align = "right">

 Loads a gif * file into the document at the location of


the element, and moves it to the right hand side of
the page.

 G I F - Graphics Interchange Format compression


format - file extension, .gif

 Note: the file must be found in a subfolder of


the
current folder.

32
E.G. 3
<img src = "/graphics/redbaloon.bmp" align =
"middle" height = "100" width = "200">
 Loads a *.bmp file into the document, centers it vertically,
relative to the line, and gives it a height of 100 pixels and a
width of 200 pixels.

⚫ BMP- BitMap: simpler non-compressed graphics image


format. - file extension, .bmp

⚫ Changing the height and width values may distort the


original proportions of the image.

 Note: the file must be found in the subfolder of the rood


directory. 33
E.G. 4
<img src = "winner.jpg" alt = "Sorry, no picture available!">

 Displays the image if found in the default folder.

 If the image can not be loaded, the browser


should display the text "Sorry, no picture
available!" in its place.

 This facility was originally intended to


accommodate text-only browsers but should
always be included in your assignment document.
34
ANI M ATE D G I F F I L E

 A *.gif image file which is composed of a series of


frames or images, simulates motion by displaying
the images in the file consecutively.

 It is an electronic equivalent of an older style


celluloid motion picture.

 Only use with care.

35
TA B L E S

A table is a matrix formed by the


intersection of horizontal rows and vertical
columns.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

36
TABLES

• The intersection of a column and row is called


a cell.

• Cells in the same row or column are usually


logically related in some way.
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Row 1 cell cell cell


Row 2 cell cell cell
Row 3 cell cell cell

37
TA B L E S
 A table is defined by the tandem tag
container <table> … </table> .

 H T M L expects everything between the start


and end elements to be part of the table.

 Different browsers may render table element


attributes differently, but, in general, things like
cell spacing, type of border, size of cells,
number of cells in a row, and background and
text colors may be defined. 38
< tr > … < /tr>

⚫ Within each row container, each cell is defined by


either table header < th > … < /th > , or table data <
td > … < /td >

<th> … < /th > is for Table Header

<td> … < /td > is for ordinary Table Data

The Table Header container < th > … < /th >


has exactly the same output as the combination:

<td><center><b> … </b></center></td>

39
Table Format [ 3 columns x 2 Rows ]

<table>
<tr>
<th> Row Header </th> <td> Data </td> <td> Data </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> Data </td> <td> Data </td> <td> Data </td> </tr>
</table>

40
< th > and <td> Attributes:

colspan = "x" : Forces the cell to cover "x" number of columns. Default = 1.
E . G . < td colspan = "3" > . . . </td>

rowspan = "y" : Forces the cell to cover "y" number of rows. Default = 1.

font whatever = ( as desired ) : font attribute such as color, size, family, etc.

valign = "top", "middle", or "bottom" : Sets vertical alignment in the cell.


E . G . < td valign = "top" > . . . </td>

align = "left", "center", or "right" : Sets horizontal alignment in the cell.

41
Other Table Options:
<thead> … </thead>
• Defines a header section. Contains <tr> elements.
• If used, it M U S T precede a
<tbody> … </tbody>
• which contains the usual table rows, and this should be
followed by a footer.
<tfoot> … </tfoot>

• These three are optional unless the first is used.

42
More Table Format [ 3 columns x 2 Rows ]

<table>
<thead>
<tr> <th colspan = "3" align = "center"> Header </th> </tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr> <th> Row Header </th> <td> Data </td> <td> Data </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> Data </td> <td> Data </td> <td> Data </td> <tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr> <th colspan = "3" align = "center"> Footer </th> </tr>
</tfoot>
</table>

43
More Example Specifications

<table cellpadding = "3" cellspacing = "2"


width = "85%" border = "0">

Define a table with:


• Three pixels between the inside edge of a
cell and its contents,
• Two pixels between the outside edges of cells,
• A width of 85% of the browser display,
• No visible border.

44
Table cells may contain many different
ordinary H T M L containers, making them
quite versatile as aids in layout and design.

Including:

Images

Hypertext Links

Lengthy Text

Other tables

Also, Applets & Objects
45
Table-in-a-table example:

<table>
<tr> <td>
<table>
<tr> <td> <img src = "somepicture.jpg"></td></tr>
<tr> <td><a href = "targetURL">Click ME!</td></tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
</table>

46
Mailto: – Linking to your E-mail client

E . G . 1: Invokes a mail client to send an email to an email address

<a href = "mailto:[email protected]" >


 User's system must be configured for email use.

E . G . 2: send an email to the address with a subject

<a href = "mailto: [email protected]?subject="Hello there!" >

*There is no space between "?" and "subject"

47
Validating H T M L Codes
• H T M L 4.01 is the last standard version.

Note: HTML5, although now widely in use, is still


considered "experimental"; hence not yet a true
standard.

• In the context of the course assignment, as the pre-


processor directive indicates, codes in the document
must comply with the version 4.01 standard (4.0 is
also acceptable).

• In addition, your assignment document must be


validated accordingly via the W3C's Markup
48
Validation Service.
Be sure to use the "Validate by File Upload" tab page.

49
• If, instead, you see the Nu Html Checker page below, your
document is faulty.

• Almost certainly, you failed to follow the instructions,


i.e., you ignored the file template provided.

• Ensure that the Doctype directive and the meta tag


included in the template are correctly placed in your
document.
50
• Re-validate.
• If "errors" are found, the validator will inform you.
• There is an error placed in testpage.html.

• Be sure to read the explanations carefully and make the


repairs as necessary – edit, re-save, re-upload.

• For your assignment, do not allow any program to correct the


errors automatically.

51
• Once your document is error-free, you will see this page
with a green banner.

• Scroll down to the bottom of this page to the icon codes.

52
• Copy-paste the codes as the last element of your document;
save the updated version.

• You should validate this updated version to make sure


there
are no new issues.

• Further down the page, your will also see below.

• You may of course validate your C S S also but it is optional for


your assignment.

53
The index.html file


The file name "index.html", or "index.htm" is
reserved.

This is the file in a directory which will be used
automatically by default if a U R L ends in the
directory name instead of a file name.

On most servers, the use of this file as the default
helps prevent unauthorized access to the directory.

Some servers may have a hierarchy of default file
names.
54

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